摘要：Caregivers,i.e.,parents,grandparents,and anyone caring for children,make up the majority of users in many urban centers around the world,including in *** urban design and planning rarely consider specific needs of *** can result in a negative perception among people that cities are unfriendly places to raise *** negative perception is among the major contributors to the aging population problem,as parents and parents-to-be feel reluctant to give birth and raise more than one or even any *** an interdisciplinary approach,i.e.,cognitive science,psychology,behavioral economics,and urban studies,this paper examines a new city model of"parent-friendly city,"where urban design serves the needs of caregivers,effectively creating a perception that cities are friendly places for raising ***,we identify that caregivers'needs are characterized by two major factors:provision:parents want to provide for their children,such as providing places for play and learning,and@restoration:parents want to restore things that they lack due to childcare responsibilities,such as lack of rest and interaction with other ***,we offer cognitive-based design principles that can work powerfully and effectively to fll both ***,using real case studies from cities in China and around the world,we illustrate how these design principles work,even reversing caregivers'perception from negative to ***,thoughtful urban design can support parents in raising children,making cities into partners in parenthood.

摘要：在设计城市儿童空间时,一个重要的考量因素是思考空间将如何助益儿童的成长和学习。大量认知科学研究表明,各类基于实证的游戏可促进儿童的社交、认知和运动能力的发展。本文回顾了认知和发展科学中有关游戏对学习的裨益的知识体系,并鼓励城市设计师对其加以利用。文章首先指出了各类游戏可提供的不同学习裨益。若要在城市空间中最大程度地通过游戏促进儿童学习,那么设计师应考虑设计的功能可供性—即设计能够激发什么样的游戏。其次,文章梳理了相关的认知科学证据,指出挑战性和模糊性可以促进儿童的学习和探索性行为,而挑战性和模糊性设计可以提升儿童的学习和创造力。再次,游戏对儿童的社交学习至关重要,为儿童进行社交活动创造了机会。城市设计可以通过营造游戏空间或引入游戏设施—既包括儿童间的游戏,也包括亲子游戏—来激发社会学习。此外,本文还结合实际案例说明了基于认知科学的城市空间的设计过程。