摘要：　纳米碳管具有纳米尺度的准一维中空结构,这使得在其中空管腔内填充外来物质成为可能。填充纳米碳管的理化性能与填充物的种类、结构、组分密切相关,因而人们可以根据需要自主设计和组装各种类型的填充纳米碳管。通过综述目前在纳米碳管内填充外来物质领域的研究动态,介绍填充预先制备的纳米碳管和在制备纳米碳管的过程中同时包覆外来物质的各种物理和化学制备方法及其可能的微观机制,阐述了这类被填充的纳米碳管在电子工业、信息技术、生物化学以及医学等领域的应用前景,并对今后尚待开展的纳米碳管与填充物质的相互作用规律、这种量子线的物理性能及其阵列的制备技术等研究工作进行了探讨和展望。

摘要：A film of mesoporous single-crystal rutile TiO2 rod arrays supported on a transparent conductive glass substrate was synthesized with the assistance of a template layer of closely packed silica nanospheres. This film was used as a photoanode and showed significant improvement for photoelectrochemical water oxidation compared with a reference film of nonporous single-crystal rutile TiO2rod arrays.

摘要：一维(1D)材料与二维(2D)材料的结合可形成独特的混合维度异质结,其在继承2D/2D范德瓦尔斯异质结的独特物性之外,还具有丰富的堆叠构型,为进一步调控异质结的结构及性能提供了新的可操控自由度。p型1D单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)与n型2D二硫化钼(MoS_(2))的结合,为调控异质结的能带结构及器件性能提供了丰富的选择。本文直接在高密度、手性窄分布的SWCNT定向阵列及无序薄膜表面原位生长MoS_(2),制备出高质量1D SWCNT/2D MoS_(2)混合维度异质结。深入分析形核点的表面形貌与结构,提出了“吸附-扩散-吸附”生长机制,用于解释混合维度异质结的生长。利用拉曼光谱分析,证实SWCNT与MoS_(2)间存在显著的电荷转移作用,载流子可在界面处快速传输,为后续基于此类1D/2D异质结的新型电子及光电器件的设计与制备提供了新思路。

摘要：Splitting water under large current density is essential for efficient large-scale production and commercial utilization of ***,the performance of the available electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is far from satisfactory under large current density in alkaline *** we report a remarkably active and durable electrocatalyst,long and dense MoS2/Ni3S2 co-axial heterostructure nanowires on nickel foam(NF).Notably,it requires only 182 and 200 mV overpotential to achieve large current density of 500 and 1000 mA cm^-2,respectively,in alkaline solution,which are far superior to those of Pt/C-NF(281 and 444 mV)and the reported best non-noble metal catalysts(191 and 220 mV).The physical origin for this extraordinary HER performance is analyzed,which provides a useful guide for structure design of electrocatalysts to further improve their performance.

摘要：由于石墨烯材料独特的性质,其在锂离子电池材料方面显示出潜在的应用前景.深入理解石墨烯材料的储锂行为,对于其在储能领域的应用具有极为重要的意义.石墨烯材料作为负极材料具有与低温软炭材料类似的充放电特征.无序度或比表面积高的热还原石墨烯材料具有相对更高的可逆储锂容量.石墨烯材料中大量的微孔缺陷能够提高可逆储锂容量,但同时也会造成电压滞后及容量衰减.石墨烯材料作为锂电池正极材料,其电化学性能主要来源于表面含氧官能团与锂离子在高电位下的可逆氧化还原反应,且不可逆容量较低.利用石墨烯负极高容量与石墨烯正极高倍率放电的特性,可以设计出具有高能量密度的锂离子电容器和高比容量的石墨烯复合锂电池正极材料.

摘要：Common solar-driven photoelectrochemical(PEC) cells for water splitting were designed by using semiconducting photoactive materials as working photoelectrodes to capture sunlight. Due to the thermodynamic requirement of 1.23 eV and kinetic energy loss of about 0.6 eV, a photo-voltage of 1.8 V produced by PEC cells is generally required for spontaneous water splitting. Therefore, the minimum bandgap of1.8 eV is demanded for photoactive materials in single-photoelectrode PEC cells, and the bandgap of about 1 eV for back photoactive materials is appropriate in tandem PEC cells. All these PEC cells cannot effectively utilize the infrared light from 1250 to 2500 nm. In order to realize the full spectrum utilization of solar light, here, we develop a solar-driven PEC water splitting system integrated with a thermoelectric device. The key feature of this system is that the thermoelectric device produces a voltage as an additional bias for the PEC system by using the temperature difference between the incident infrared-light heated aqueous electrolyte in the PEC cell as the hot source and unirradiated external water as the cold source. Compared to a reference PEC system without the thermoelectric device, this system has a significantly improved overall water splitting activity of 1.6 times and may provide a strategy for accelerating the application of full spectrum solar light-driven PEC cells for hydrogen production.

摘要：Semiconductor heterostructures mediated by electrical conductors are very promising for Z-scheme photocatalytic water *** contrast to conventional particulate heterostructures,alternate TiO_(2)and Cu_(2)O film stripes patterned parallel on a fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO) conductive substrate was fabricated as a model film photocatalyst to study the characteristics of the photogenerated charge transfer *** Z-scheme transfer process with an effective transport distance of up to 5 μm occurs only in regions distant from the TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O strip edges through the FTO substrate from the *** contrast,the transfer of charge around their contact regions follows the conventional transfer process through the TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O strip *** results indicate that the Z-scheme transfer process occurring in such a large region dominates the charge transfer processes in the TiO_(2)/FTO/Cu_(2)O pattern film ***,unlike the single component film,which is inactive for photocatalytic overall water splitting,the modified TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O pattern film can induce photocatalytic overall water splitting at a stoichiometric H_(2)/O_(2) ratio close to 2:*** findings have significant implications in designing efficient heterostructures by employing a Z-scheme charge transfer process.

摘要：磁场触发的催化剂轨道电子自旋排列已成为促进析氧反应的一种有趣而可行的策略.然而,具有强d-d库仑相互作用的高熵合金(HEAs)催化剂中的磁场增强机制尚未得到充分挖掘.在此,我们设计了具有优异软磁性的高熵合金金属片,在微小磁场下表现出显著的磁场增强催化作用,其磁导率可作为评估磁场增强的描述因子.具体地,仅施加50 mT的磁场,(FeCoNi)_(82.5)Cr_(17.5)HEAs的过电位下降就超过了36mV@10 mA cm^(-2).此外,过电位的降低与HEA的磁导率呈线性关系.原位拉曼光谱与理论计算结果表明,施加磁场可显著提高自旋密度,改善催化剂的3d电子与*O自由基的2p轨道之间的自旋相互作用,从而有效降低速率决定步骤(*O→*OOH)的能量障碍,进而促进O-O的形成.

摘要：对迄今前人在石墨材料上所开展的疲劳研究工作进行了综述,以不同的疲劳设计方法为线索,一方面 通过对石墨寿命评价的S-N曲线来分析石墨的疲劳行为;另一方面从疲劳裂纹扩展的角度来分析在外应 力作用下有预制裂纹的石墨的疲劳行为。总结了石墨疲劳研究的主要进展,归纳了石墨疫劳研究中的关键问 题,在此基础上对石墨材料的疲劳研究前景进行了展望。

摘要：As an important energy carrier in terms of carbon neutrality,green hydrogen produced by water electrolysis using renewable electricity has attracted worldwide *** polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer(PEWE)has the potential to be a mainstay in the green hydrogen market in the future because of its superior ***,the development of PEWE is constrained by the slow progress of the membrane electrode assembly(MEA),which is an essential component of PEWE and largely determines the cost and performance of the ***,the MEA must be optimized from the aspects of reducing cost and improving performance to promote the development of *** this review,we first discuss the recent progress of the materials and design strategies of MEA,including the cost,activity,and stability of catalysts,distribution and thickness of ionomers,and ion transport efficiency of ion exchange membranes(IEMs).Then,the effects of all components and interlayer interfaces on the ions,electrons,and mass transfer in MEA and,consequently,the performance of PEWE are ***,we propose perspectives on developing MEA by optimizing the catalyst activity and stability of IEM,interface contact between adjacent components,and evaluation methods of performance.