摘要：表面金属有机化学是设计制备组成和结构明确的表面金属物种的一条有效途径。同步辐射X射线吸收精细结构光谱技术(XAFS)是当前表征固体催化剂活性中心结构的有力工具。二者结合为在分子水平上设计构筑催化中心提供了一条可借鉴的分子研究途径和方法,已发展成为催化基础研究的重要方向之一。本文综述了过去十年内,我们研究组在利用表面金属有机化学方法在沸石分子筛孔道表面分子构筑单分散金属氧活性单元和XAFS在表征多相催化材料活性位结构方面取得的一些进展。简要介绍了XAFS技术的基本物理原理、实验方法、数据分析及在表征催化材料方面的优缺点,并回顾了固体表面金属有机化学的化学基础。借助表面金属有机化学的理论和方法实现了在沸石分子筛表面分子构筑"单点"单核或"单点"多核金属钛、铜和铁催化活性中心。通过对其微观结构的详细表征,并结合其催化性能的研究建立起活性与组成、结构三者之间的关联,阐明了这些金属物种化学态与其催化活性之间的本质联系。研究结果从分子层面揭示了MCM-41表面Cu[OCHMeCH2NM2]2的热解化学机制,给出了具有明确组成和微观结构的CuO、Cu2O和Cu(0)/MCM-41材料的新制备途径,并阐明了含铜介孔分子筛催化苯酚羟基化反应中Cu活性中心的作用本质以及铁核性相关的苯酚羟化机制;基于分子构筑的、结构和组成明确的双核二铁[FeⅢ-(μ-O)(μ-OH)-FeIII]簇,发现并提出了铁催化HC-NO选择性催化还原反应新途径;借助X射线精细结构分析光谱技术鉴别了含铁、钛沸石分子筛光催化剂和N掺杂二氧化钛可见光催化剂的光活性物种及局域结构,提出了"表面激发光催化作用模型"新概念。

摘要：光催化转化CO_(2)与H_(2)O反应生成燃料或化学品是一种可持续太阳能存储和CO_(2)利用的理想策略.由于CO_(2)还原和H_(2)O氧化的高电位和多重电子传递要求,CO_(2)+H_(2)O反应过程在动力学上是一个缓慢的过程,并且光催化剂仍存在可见光响应范围窄、载流子分离效率低的问题.因此,开发可见光光催化剂实现有效的CO_(2)还原转化仍然极具挑战性.构建异质结是提高光催化剂CO_(2)还原性能的重要途径.单一光催化剂之间以颗粒-颗粒、层-层和核-壳等多种纳米结构进行复合,这样形成的异质结通常以三维(3D)或二维(2D)的结构模型存在于两组分催化剂界面.目前,复合光催化剂的一维(1D)异质结的研究较少.理论上,光催化剂的一维(1D)异质结具有突出的优势,反应物分子能够充分接触到一维(1D)异质结界面的所有原子以提供更多的反应和吸附活性位点,还可以增强异质结效应对光生电子和空穴的高效率分离,从而有效提高光催化性能.本文采用简单的溶剂热法将W18O49纳米片原位生长在SiC纳米空心球笼上,构建了具有海胆状形貌的S型异质结光催化剂.扫描电镜证明成功合成了海胆状形貌的异质结.N_(2)吸附-脱附和接触角测试结果表明,W18O49纳米片在SiC纳米球笼表面的生长不仅可以增强复合催化剂材料的CO_(2)吸附性能,还可以改变SiC纳米球笼表面的润湿性能,提高其对反应物H_(2)O分子的亲和力.X射线光电子能谱、开尔文探针力显微镜和紫外-可见光谱等表征结果表明,SiC和W18O49之间存在着紧密接触的S型异质结界面,内建电场有助于光生载流子的分离和迁移,从而增强光催化CO_(2)还原性能.该结构催化剂不仅为光催化剂与反应物分子的接触提供了更大的表面积,而且缩短了电子和空穴的扩散路径.这些优势加速了CO_(2)和H_(2)O分子在SiC-W18O49复合光催化剂表面的反应动力学过程.复合光催化剂上快速的H_(2)O分子氧化形成更多的质子,有利于质子参与CO_(2)还原过程.与单一SiC光催化剂主要将CO_(2)还原为CO相比,SiC-W18O49复合材料不仅光催化活性大大提高,而且产物选择性发生了从CO向多质子产物CH4和CH3OH转变的显著变化.SiC-W18O49复合材料的光催化CO_(2)还原生成CO+CH4+CH3OH产物,总产物生成速率可达21.87μmolg^(-1)h^(-1).综上,复合光催化剂的异质结电子结构和维度结构对光催化CO_(2)还原性能具有重要影响,这对设计高效CO_(2)还原的异质结光催化剂具有重要参考意义.

摘要：Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)are promising materials for converting solar energy into green ***,limited charge separation and transport in COFs impede their application in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).In this study,the intrinsically tunable internal bond electric field(IBEF)at the imine bonds of COFs was manipulated to cooperate with the internal molecular electric field(IMEF)induced by the donor-acceptor(D-A)structure for an efficient *** aligned orientation of IBEF and IMEF resulted in a remarkable H_(2) evolution rate of 57.3 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)on TNCA,which was approximately 520 times higher than that of TCNA(0.11 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1))with the opposing electric field *** superposition of the dual electric fields enables the IBEF to function as an accelerating field for electron transfer,kinetically facilitat-ing the migration of photogenerated electrons from D to ***,theoretical calculations indicate that the inhomogeneous charge distribution at the C and N atoms in TNCA not only pro-vides a strong driving force for carrier transfer but also effectively hinders the return of free elec-trons to the valence band,improving the utilization of *** strategy of fabricating dual electric fields in COFs offers a novel approach to designing photocatalysts for clean energy synthesis.

摘要：Simultaneous generation of H_(2) fuel and value-added chemicals has attracted increasing attention since the photogenerated electrons and holes can be both employed to convert solar light into chemical ***,for realizing UV-visible-NIR light driven dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol(BA)into benzaldehydes(BAD)and H_(2),a novel localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)enhanced S-scheme heterojunction was designed by combining noble-metal-free plasmon MoO_(3-x) as oxidation semiconductor and Zn_(0.1)Cd_(0.9)S as reduction *** photoredox system of Zn_(0.1)Cd_(0.9)S/MoO_(3-x) displayed an unconventional reaction model,in which the BA served as both electron donor and *** S-scheme charge transfer mechanism induced by the formed internal electric field enhanced the redox ability of charge carriers thermodynamically and boosted charge separation ***,due to the LSPR effect of MoO_(3-x) nanosheets,Zn_(0.1)Cd_(0.9)S/MoO_(3-x) photocatalysts exhibited strong absorption in the region of full solar ***,the Zn_(0.1)Cd_(0.9)S/MoO_(3-x) composite generated H_(2) and BAD simultaneously via selective oxidation of BA with high production(34.38 and 33.83 mmol×g^(–1) for H_(2) and BAD,respectively)upon full solar *** under NIR light irradiation,the H_(2) production rate could up to 94.5 mmol×g^(–1)×h^(–1).In addition,the Zn_(0.1)Cd_(0.9)S/MoO_(3-x) composite displayed effective photocatalytic H_(2) evolution rate up to 149.2 mmol×g^(–1)×h^(–1) from water,which was approximate 6 times that of pure Zn_(0.1)Cd_(0.9)*** work provides a reference for rational design of plasmonic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for coproduction of high-value chemicals and solar fuel production.

摘要：多相光催化反应是发生在纳米材料表面、光物理过程与催化过程相交织的复杂多步骤过程。传统半导体能带光催化理论只能宏观上解释光生电荷产生、分离和迁移等光物理步骤,对于催化步骤无法给出细节描述,因而难于有效指导光催化材料的设计和制备。探索光催化分子机制、建立新的光催化理论、开发新型高效光催化材料、突破反应效率瓶颈,对光催化科学可持续发展意义重大。