摘要：We studied a large cohort of identical twin sisters, utilizing the unique properties of a twin research design to explore the relationship between obstetrical delivery mode and stress urinary incontinence. study design: An anonymous 67- item survey was completed by 271 identical twin pairs (n = 542) at the world s largest annual gathering of twins. Logistic regression for repeated binary measures was used to evaluate risk factors and accounting for shared genetics within pairs. Results: The twins had a mean age of 47.1 years (range 15 to 85 years), and stress urinary incontinence was reported by 51.8% . stress urinary incontinence was associated with age (P = .001), parity (P = .001), obesity (P = .002), and birth mode, with vaginal delivery conferring a considerable increase in stress urinary incontinence risk relative to cesarean section (odds ratio 2.28, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 4.55, P = .019). Conclusion: Vaginal delivery mode represents a potent determinant of stress urinary incontinence, carrying more than twice the risk of cesarean section. This study of identical twins provides new insight into the epidemiology of female incontinence.

摘要：熔结环氧(FBE)成功地应用于管道防腐已有25年,现在新研制出了一种双层粉末覆盖层系统,目的是为了获得覆盖层的高温性能和良好的耐热水性能。在设计中使用标准FBE作底层,这样它同钢管之间就有了尽可能强的附着力,然后再涂一种新型改性环氧树脂作面层,这在降低环氧膜的渗水性方面是一个重大突破。这种复合系统在工场和现场条件下涂敷都很简便。

摘要：The objective of the study was to compare detrusor overactivity and urge urinary incontinence rates after midurethral slings versus bladder neck slings. study design: Three hundred forty subjects underwent midurethral slings or bladder neck slings. Comparisons were made using student s t test and χ 2 test. Multivariate analysis was performed to detect confounding factors. Results: More patients in the midurethral sling group resolved detrusor overactivity than in the bladder neck sling group (38% versus 15% , P < .001). In addition, subjects in the midurethral sling group had significantly lower rates of de novo detrusor overactivity than subjects in the bladder neck sling group (29% versus 62% , P = .002). The only significant predictors of postoperative detrusor overactivity were preoperative detrusor overactivity (P < .001) and sling type (P < .001). After adjusting for preoperative detrusor overactivity, bladder neck slings significantly increased the risk for persistent detrusor overactivity (odds ratio 3.9). Conclusion: Midurethral slings have increased rates of resolution of detrusor overactivity and lower rates of de novo detrusor overactivity than transvaginal bladder neck sling procedures.