摘要：机械式自动变速器（AMT）系统具有低成本和低油耗的优点。根据驾驶人员的操作和车辆行驶情况，AMT系统通过三个安装在传统手动变速器上的独立操作的执行机构实现自动换档。为了达到缩小整体尺寸、减轻重量并降低成本的目的，选用一个通过直流电机驱动的直接执行机构。为了提高整车的驾驶性能，并在环境温度和电压改变以及长时间使用后老化的情况下确保其鲁棒性，本开发目的在于提高电机控制的位置控制精度。为了实现此目的，应对执行机构的结构进行优化，并在AMT系统内整合一个具有极佳响应特性和鲁棒稳定性的干扰观测器。因此，开发出的AMT系统具有高效可靠的特性并将通过模拟和实验结果投入应用领域。

摘要：极小的色彩显示模块包含了所有必要的部件。

摘要：Existing optimization methodologies for intersection operations assumes a fixed geometric design, however the geometry and operational system should be simultaneously optimized to produce the best performance. Signalized crosswalks are complex and critical pedestrian facilities. Their geometry and configuration directly affect the safety, cycle length and resulting delays for all users. As crosswalks become wider or they are placed further upstream, the cycle length will increase due to the all-red time requirement, which deteriorates the overall mobility levels of signalized intersections. In contrast, when crosswalk width decreases, the required minimum pedestrian crossing time increases due to the bi-directional pedestrian flow effects, which leads to longer cycle length. Furthermore, existing manuals and guidelines do not offer any specification for the required crosswalk width under various pedestrian demand conditions. This study aims to propose new criteria for designing crosswalk width at signalized intersections, which can optimize the performance from the viewpoint of vehicular traffic and pedestrians. The proposed methodology considers pedestrian demand and its characteristics (such as bi-directional flow effects), vehicle demand and the geometric characteristics of the intersection. The concept of optimized crosswalk width is proposed and demonstrated through a case study. Moreover, a comprehensive discussion regarding the merits and drawbacks of existing strategies on positioning crosswalks is presented. It was found that at signalized intersections, which are characterized by low pedestrian and high vehicle demands, crosswalk width of 2 meters is appropriate to minimize cycle length and resulting delays for all users including pedestrians.

摘要：目的设计合成博来霉素二糖新型前体化合物。方法以廉价易得的D-甘露糖为原料,以最短直线步骤6步实现了新型甘露糖砌块乙硫基-2-O-乙酰基-3-O-氨基甲酰基-4,6-O-苄叉基-α-D-吡喃甘露糖苷(3)的合成;以廉价易得的甲基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷为原料,经13步反应得到了新型古洛糖砌块对甲苯硫基-2-O-羟基-3,4,6-三-O-苄基-α,β-L-吡喃古洛糖苷(4),两个单糖砌块经糖苷化反应得到了博来霉素二糖的前体化合物对甲苯硫基-3,4,6-三-O-苄基-2-O-(2-乙酰基-3-氨基甲酰基-4,6-苄叉基-α-D-吡喃甘露糖基))-α,β-L-吡喃古洛糖(2)。结果与结论实现了新型甘露糖砌块3和新型古洛糖砌块4的合成,反应总收率分别为28%和8%;经糖苷化反应得到了博来霉素二糖前体化合物2,反应收率达83%。所有合成的新化合物均经过IR,1H-NM R,13C-NM R和HRM S进行表征。