摘要：The oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is an important half-reaction for various energy devices,such as fuel cells and metal-air *** sluggish kinetics of the four-electron ORR needs the development of electrocatalysts with high efficiency and activity to replace precious metal ***,metal±nitrogen±carbon catalysts,particularly Fe±N±C,are considered the most promising candidates because their rich active sites can reduce the energy barrier of oxygenic *** this review,the recent research breakthroughs of Fe±N±C catalysts in theoretical and experimental studies are summarized in ***,the mechanistic understanding of the electrocatalytic ORR based on Fe±N±C catalysts is ***,the design strategies of Fe±N±C catalysts and classifications of active sites are expounded,after which the connection between the active site and catalytic performance is ***,the application status of Fe±N±C catalysts in polymer membrane fuel cells and zinc-air batteries is ***,the challenges and opportunities of Fe±N±C catalysts regarding controllable synthesis,mechanism,and applications in energy devices are further proposed.

摘要：Multi-interface engineering is deemed as an effective strategy to boost catalytic activity via electronic structure modulation. However, it is still a big challenge due to the phase-separation tendency. Herein, we designed CoP-WP heterojunctions with multi-touch interfaces using Co_(8)W_(18), a definite structure polyoxometalate-based polynuclear cobalt molecular cluster, as a precursor. The Co P-WP heterojunctions anchored on reduced graphene oxide(Co P-WP/r GO)were obtained by growing Co_(8)W_(18)on GO followed by phosphorization. The intrinsic {Co-O-W} coordination modes in Co_(8)W_(18)are conducive to the formation of the multiple interfaces between CoP and WP. The abundant intimate interfaces in Co P-WP heterojunctions promote the electron transfer from WP to Co P, thus regulating the interfacial electronic structure and optimizing the hydrogen adsorption free energy(ΔGH*), as verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and theoretical calculations. furthermore, the integration of r GO provides Co P-WP/r GO with a large surface area and high conductivity, aiding mass transport and charge transfer. Co P-WP/r GO exhibits remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) activity with low overpotentials of 96, 130,and 138 m V at 10 m A cm^(-2)in alkaline, acidic and neutral media, respectively, and has long-term durability. Our discovery provides an opportunity to design heterojunction materials with multi-coupled interfaces at low-cost and efficient HER catalysts.

摘要：p-d轨道之间的相互作用是一种提升电催化性能的有效方法.然而,其对主族金属的电催化CO_(2)还原(eCO_(2)RR)的增强机制尚不清晰.因此,我们向金属Bi纳米片中引入了一系列过渡金属氧化物(TMO:Fe_(2)O_(3)、Co_(3)O_(4)、NiO),并以此研究引入TMO对Bi物种eCO_(2)RR性能的影响.根据原位傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和CO_(2)-程序升温脱附(TPD)的结果,Bi/TMO中的TMO可以增强CO_(2)的吸附和活化能力.密度泛函理论(DFT)计算结果表明,Bi活性位点^(*)OCHO吸附能及p轨道的优化可以降低CO_(2)到^(*)OCHO过程和^(*)OCHO到HCOOH过程的理论过电位.同时,由于Bi与TMO之间因复合而发生的电子重排也促进了催化剂与反应物之间的电子传输.因此,在热力学和动力学的双重作用下,Bi/TMO中的Bi活性位点表现出最佳的催化能力,在更宽的电位区间内实现了更高的催化活性和甲酸选择性.其中,Bi/Fe_(2)O_(3)的增强效果最为显著.在500 mV的宽电位区间内达到较高的甲酸的法拉第效率(>90%),在-0.8 VRHE时,甲酸的法拉第效率达到最大值99.7%(Bi的1.11倍),甲酸局部电流密度达到12.65 mA cm^(-2)(Bi的1.86倍).这一研究不仅建立了eCO_(2)RR性能增强与引入TMO之间的关系,也为理性设计高性能电催化剂提供了一条实用的、可扩展的途径.

摘要：Efficient charge separation and rapid interfacial reaction kinetics are crucial factors that determine the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen ***,a fascinating 2D heterojunction photocatalyst with superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance–holey C_(3)N_(4)nanosheets nested with TiO_(2)nanocrystals(denoted as HCN/TiO_(2))–is designed and fabricated via an in situ exfoliation and conversion *** HCN/TiO_(2)is found to exhibit an ultrathin 2D heteroarchitecture with intimate interfacial contact,highly porous structures and ultrasmall TiO_(2)nanocrystals,leading to drastically improved charge carrier separation,maximized active sites and the promotion of mass transport for ***,the HCN/TiO_(2)delivers an impressive hydrogen production rate of 282.3 lmol h^(-1)per10 mg under AM 1.5 illumination and an apparent quantum efficiency of 13.4%at a wavelength of 420 nm due to the synergetic enhancement of surface reactions and charge *** present work provides a promising strategy for developing high-performance 2D heterojunctions for clean energy applications.

摘要：Sn-based electrocatalysts have been gaining increasing attention due to their potential contribution in the conversion of CO2 into HCOOH driven by sustainable energy sources;however,their actual capability to catalyze CO2 reduction reaction(CO2RR)still cannot meet the requirements of commercial-scale *** developing Snbased catalyst is of vital ***,the sheet-like heterophase Sn O2/Sn3O4 with a high density of phase interfaces has been first engineered by a facile hydrothermal process,with Sn3O4 as the dominant *** evidences from experiments and theoretical simulation indicate that the charge redistribution and built-in electric field at heterophase interfaces boost CO2 adsorption and HCOO*formation,accelerate the charge transfer between the catalysts and reactants,and ultimately greatly elevate the intrinsic activity of the heterophase Sn O2/Sn3O4 towards CO2 ***,the in-situ generated porous structure and metal Sn during CO2 RR improve the mass transmission within the interlayer volume and the conductivity of Sn O2/*** heterophase Sn O2/Sn3O4 displays high activity and selectivity for CO2 RR,achieving an improvement in CO2 reduction current density,88.3%Faradaic efficiency of HCOOH conversion at-0.9 VRHE,along with a long-term tolerance in CO2 *** study demonstrates that heterophase interface engineering is an efficient strategy to regulate advanced catalysts for different applications.

摘要：Development of cost-effective,active and durable electrocatalysts for overall water splitting is still a huge ***,we have constructed one-dimensional(1D)cobalt sulfide and vanadium sulfide heterojunction nanowires arranged on carbon cloth(Co_(9)S_(8)-V_(3)S_(4)/CC)as bifunctional electrocatalysts for the efficient overall water *** 1D wire-structured Co_(9)S_(8)-V_(3)S_(4)heterojunctions possess large surface area,plentiful active sites and rapid transport of electrons/reactants and the release of ***,the electron transfer from Co9S8 to V3S4 occurs at the interface due to the strong electronic coupling effect in Co_(9)S_(8)-V_(3)S_(4)heterojunction,in which the electron-attracting V3S4(V2^(+))optimizes the adsorption of H*active species for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),while the electron-losing Co9S8(Co3+)responds to the enhancement of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)***_(9)S_(8)-V_(3)S_(4)/CC exhibits low overpotentials of 85 and 232 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2)and small Tafel slopes of 51 and 59 mV dec^(−1)for HER and OER,***,the electrolyzer with Co_(9)S_(8)-V_(3)S_(4)/CC as both the anode and cathode requires low onset voltage of 1.35 V and cell voltage of 1.53 V at 10 mA cm^(−2)and exhibits high Faradaic efficiencies and robust *** can be driven by a solar cell(1.53 V)for continuous production of hydrogen and *** study highlights the design of 1D sulfide heterojunction in pursuit of highly efficient electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.

摘要：The design of the electrode with high-area and mass capacitance is important for the practical application of supercapacitors. Here, we fabricated the porous NiCoP nanowalls supported by Ni foam(NiCo-P/NF) for supercapacitors with win-win high-area and mass capacitance. The NiCoOH nanowall precursor was prepared by controlling the deposition rate of Ni^2+ and Co^2+ on NF through a sodium acetate-assisted(floride-free) process. After the phosphorization, the NiCo-P nanowalls formed with high loading about8.6 mg cm-2 on NF. The electrode combined several advantages favorable for energy storage: the plentiful pores beneficial for ion transport, the nanowalls for easy accommodation of electrolyte, good conductivity of NiCo-P for easy transport of electrons. As expected, the NiCo-P/NF exhibited a high specific mass capacitance(1,861 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1,1,070 F g^-1 at 10 A g^-1 and high area capacitance(17.31 F cm-2 at 5 mA cm-2 and 10 F cm^-2 at 100 mA cm^-*** asymmetric supercapacitor(ASC) composed of NiCo-P/NF positive electrode coupled with commercial active carbon negative electrode exhibited a high energy density of44.9 W h kg^-1 at a power density of 750 W kg^-1. The ASC can easily drive fans, electronic watch and LED lamps, implying their potential for the practical application.

摘要：利用太阳能将CO_(2)转化为增值燃料,对于实现全球碳中和的目标具有重要意义,而光生电荷的有效分离是提高光催化CO_(2)还原效率的重要影响因素.在此,我们报道了一种简易的原位剥离和转化策略,将CeO_(2)纳米颗粒均匀分布在超薄多孔C_(3)N_(4)纳米片上,合成了新型的CeO_(2)/C_(3)N_(4)异质结构.C_(3)N_(4)的超薄多孔结构不仅可以增加比表面积以提供更多的活性位点,还可以有效缩短光生电子空穴的迁移距离以避免复合.此外,高度分散的CeO_(2)与C_(3)N_(4)之间具有紧密的界面接触,使更多的电荷通过界面进行转移.合成的CeO_(2)/C_(3)N_(4)异质结构具有带隙匹配的Z型结构,可以有效延长光诱导电荷载流子的寿命并提升光催化剂的氧化还原能力.与传统块状C_(3)N_(4)相比,合成的CeO_(2)/C_(3)N_(4)异质结在没有贵金属作为助催化剂和没有牺牲剂条件下显示出约5倍的CO_(2)光还原性能的提升.这项工作为用于可持续能源转换的直接Z型光催化剂的设计和实际应用提供了一种新策略.

摘要：【目的】鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块含煤地层具有多层系交互赋存、纵向薄层(夹层)发育的特点,多层合压是实现煤系气经济高效开发的必然要求。多储层合压成功的关键取决于裂缝高度能否达到预期效果。当前裂缝垂向伸展距离和裂缝形态不明,裂缝高度预测与实际高度存在较大偏差,对增产储层体积有很大影响。【方法】通过室内实验测量煤层顶底板地应力,以上下部地层破裂压力为基础,结合现场测试数据与临界缝长公式所反映的裂缝形态,对一层煤层、上部煤层/下部砂岩、上部砂岩/下部煤层、煤层/砂岩/煤层4种模式下的合层压裂方案进行分析,提出改善裂缝形态和压裂效果的工艺优化措施。【结果和结论】结果表明:多储层合压时,以煤层起裂可利用上下部地层应力遮挡的优势,通过控制裂缝高度,增加煤层中裂缝长度;当砂岩为主要改造层位时,压裂目标以在砂岩层中造长缝、提高裂缝导流能力为主。压裂参数计算结果与现场压裂实例均表明,裂缝在缝高方向扩展明显,有必要对压裂工艺及参数进行调整,在压裂设计时根据多地层合压的需要,进行压裂液量的优化,保证缝长增量大于缝高增量。研究成果可为多层合压时各层应力计算、合压的判断依据与条件、起裂层位的选择以及不同组合地层压裂液量的设计提供一定理论依据。

摘要：汽车散热器干式自动检漏仪是对散热器的密封性能指标进行快速定量检测的仪器．介绍了该仪器的传感器原理、检测气路设计和仪器系统的硬件及软件设计。