摘要：Long-segment defects remain a major problem in clinical treatment of tubular tissue *** design of tubular scaffold with desired structure and functional properties suitable for tubular tissue regeneration remains a great challenge in regenerative ***,we present a reliable method to rapidly fabricate tissueengineered tubular scaffold with hierarchical structure via 4-axis printing *** fabrication process can be adapted to various biomaterials including hydrogels,thermoplastic materials and thermosetting *** polycaprolactone(PCL)as an example,we successfully fabricated the scaffolds with tunable tubular architecture,controllable mesh structure,radial elasticity,good flexibility,and luminal *** a preliminary demonstration of the applications of this technology,we prepared a hybrid tubular scaffold via the combination of the 4-axis printed elastic poly(glycerol sebacate)(PGS)bio-spring and electrospun gelatin *** scaffolds seeded with chondrocytes formed tubular mature cartilage-like tissue both via in vitro culture and subcutaneous implantation in the nude mouse,which showed great potential for tracheal cartilage reconstruction.

摘要：超低能耗建筑在保证室内舒适度的前提下,最大限度地降低建筑热损失,降低建筑制冷采暖能耗。介绍了超低能耗的发展及技术指标,从五大构成要素:高保温性能围护结构、高保温性能门窗、无热桥设计、高气密性、高效率的新风热回收系统阐述超低能耗建筑的设计理念。最后,阐述了超低能耗建筑特征。