摘要：Point-of-care testing(POCT)is the practice of diagnosing and monitoring diseases where the patient is located,as opposed to traditional treatment conducted solely in a medical laboratory or other clinical *** has been less common in the recent past due to a lack of portable medical devices capable of facilitating effective medical ***,recent growth has occurred in this field due to advances in diagnostic technologies,device miniaturization,and progress in wearable *** these developments,electrochemical sensors have attracted interest in the POCT field due to their high sensitivity,compact size,and *** are used in various applications,from disease diagnosis to health status *** this paper we explore recent advancements in electrochemical sensors,the methods of fabricating them,and the various types of sensing mechanisms that can be ***,we delve into methods for immobilizing specific biorecognition elements,including enzymes,antibodies,and aptamers,onto electrode surfaces and how these sensors are used in real-world POCT settings.

摘要：本文选取了美国两个典型的BIM应用案例:(一)美国克莱门森大学生命科学楼项目;(二)美国通用汽车公司俄亥俄州托莱多变速器厂扩建工程。其中案例(一)展示了如何应用BIM技术提高建筑物能耗,并提出了一系列的建筑能源利用效率量度,从而使提高建筑的节能效果措施可以得以量化。根据建筑能耗仿真结果,通过采取相应的建筑节能措施,建筑可以节约能源成本达到20%以上。案例(二)则展示了如何利用BIM技术实现数字化工厂的建造。该项目的最大的挑战是在建造新建筑及翻修已有设施的同时保持通用汽车工厂正常的操作和维护,这一进程中应允许设计和建造团队便利的访问来自多种来源的信息,包括现有的文件,模型和已有设施有关的数据。作为业主方的通用汽车全球设施管理部深知如何预先设定该项目,并在支持高效的工作流程提供所有基础数据和标准方面发挥适当的作用。