摘要：Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental ***(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to treat respiratory disorders such as asthma,bronchitis,and emphysema,has a narrow therapeutic window with a safe plasma concentration ranging from 55.5-111.0μmol·L^(-1)in *** monitoring of TP levels is essential because too low or too high can cause se-rious side *** this regard,non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors offer a practical solution with rapidity,portability,and high *** article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent developments of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection,highlighting the basic principles,electro-oxidation mechanisms,catalytic effects,and the role of modifying materials on electrode ***-based electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes(GCEs),carbon paste electrodes(CPEs),and carbon screen-printed electrodes(SPCEs)have become the primary choices for non-enzymatic sensors due to their chemical stability,low cost,and flexibility in *** article identifies the sig-nificant contribution of various modifying materials,including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene,metal oxides,and multi-element *** modifications enhance sensors’electron transfer,sensitivity,and selectivity in detecting TP at low concentrations in complex media such as blood plasma and pharmaceutical *** electro-oxidation mechanism of TP is also discussed in depth,emphasizing the hydroxyl and carbonyl reaction pathways strongly influenced by pH and electrode *** mechanisms guide the selection of the appropriate electrode ma-terial for a particular *** main contribution of this article is to identify superior modifying materials that can improve the performance of non-enzymatic electrochemical *** a recent study,