摘要：目的确定早年(3岁以内)导致英国儿童肥胖的危险因素。设计前瞻性队列研究。方法Avon英国父母及儿童纵向调查研究。参与者参与队列研究的8234名年龄为7岁的儿童以及亚组的909名重点儿童,后者需额外提供与早期发育有关并涉及可能导致肥胖的各种资料。诊断标准7岁儿童体重指数≥95百分位确定为肥胖,参考1990年英国人口调查的诊断标准。结果经过最终验证,在假设的25项危险因素中有8项与肥胖有关:父母肥胖(父母双方校正后的相对危险度10.44,95%可信区间5.11～21.32);最早期(43个月内)的体重指数或体重反弹升高(校正后的相对危险度15.00,95%可信区间5.32～42.30);3岁时每周看电视的时间超过8小时(校正后的相对危险度1.55,95%可信区间1.13～2.12);追赶性生长(校正后的相对危险度2.60,95%可信区间1.09～6.16);8个月(校正后的相对危险度3.13,95%可信区间1.43～6.85)和18个月(校正后的相对危险度2.65,95%可信区间1.25～5.59)时体重的标准差值;1岁时体重增加值(校正后的相对危险度1.06,95%可信区间1.02～1.10,体重每增加100g);出生体重,每100g(校正后的相对危险度1.05,95%可信区间1.03～1.07);3岁时睡眠不足(<10.5小时,校正后的相对危险度1.45,95%可信区间1.10～1.89)。结论儿童期肥胖可能与8项危险因素有关。

摘要：The long atmospheric residence time of CO2 creates an urgent need to add atmospheric carbon drawdown to CO2 regulatory *** and systems biology(SSB),which enables manipulation of cellular phenotypes,offers a powerful approach to amplifying and adding new possibilities to current land management practices aimed at reducing atmospheric *** participants(in attendance:Christina Agapakis,George Annas,Adam Arkin,George Church,Robert Cook-Deegan,Charles DeLisi,Dan Drell,Sheldon Glashow,Steve Hamburg,Henry jacoby,Henry Kelly,Mark Kon,Todd Kuiken,Mary Lidstrom,Mike MacCracken,june Medford,jerry Melillo,Ron Milo,Pilar Ossorio,Ari Patrinos,Keith Paustian,Kristala jones Prather,Kent Redford,David Resnik,john reilly,Richard ***,Daniel Segre,Susan Solomon,Elizabeth Strychalski,Chris Voigt,Dominic Woolf,Stan Wullschleger,and Xiaohan Yang)identified a range of possibilities by which SSB might help reduce greenhouse gas concentrations and which might also contribute to environmental sustainability and *** include,among other possibilities,engineering plants to convert CO2 produced by respiration into a stable carbonate,designing plants with an increased root-to-shoot ratio,and creating plants with the ability to self-fertilize.A number of serious ecological and societal challenges must,however,be confronted and resolved before any such application can be fully assessed,realized,and deployed.