摘要：Inorganic-organic hybrid materials are promising for application in the field of photocatalysis because of their excellent ***,their syntheses,mechanisms,and applications are reviewed in this ***,we introduce the role of inorganic-organic photocatalysts,their advantages and disadvantages,and their design ***,we present the top-down and bottom-up synthesis methods of the hybrid *** interaction between inorganic and organic components in hybrid materials is discussed,followed by how to improve inorganic-organic ***,the applications of hybrid materials in the field of photocatalysis,such as realizing hydrogen evolution,organic pollutant degradation,heavy metals and CO_(2) reduction,sterilization,and nitrogen fixation,are ***,the application prospects and development directions of inorganic-organic hybrid materials are explored and the unsolved problems are described.

摘要：Achieving a strong redox ability and high visible-light absorption ability in a single semiconductor material is *** a heterojunction between two semiconductor materials is a feasible *** new step(S-scheme)heterojunction can effectively promote the separation and trans-fer of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and retain strong redox *** designed and pre-pared a Cd Se_(0.8)S_(0.2)-diethylenetriamine(DETA)/Sn Nb_(2)O_(6)heterostructure material via the sol-vothermal *** Cd Se_(0.8)S_(0.2)-DETA and Sn Nb_(2)O_(6)form an S-scheme heterojunction,30%Cd Se_(0.8)S_(0.2)-DETA/Sn Nb_(2)O_(6)exhibits the highest CO production rate(17.31μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)),which is factors of 2.8 and 4.8 higher than that of traditional solvothermal Sn Nb_(2)O_(6)(6.2μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1))and Cd Se_(0.8)S_(0.2)-DETA(3.6μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)),respectively.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization data provided evidence that the transfer pathway of space charge in the CO_(2)reduction process was in accordance with the *** research provides a simple strategy through which one can optimize the band structure to promote the separation of photogenerated carriers and achieve a high efficiency of CO_(2)reduction.

摘要：Ag3PO4 is widely used in the field of photocatalysis because of its unique activity. However, photocorrosion limits its practical application. Therefore, it is very urgent to find a solution to improve the light corrosion resistance of Ag3PO4. Herein, the Z-scheme WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4 composites are successfully prepared through microwave hydrothermal and simple stirring. The WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4 composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. In the degradation of organic pollutants, WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4 composites exhibit excellent performance under visible light. This is mainly attributed to the synergy of WO3(H2O)0.333 and Ag3PO4. Especially, the photocatalytic activity of 15%WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4 is the highest, and the methylene blue can be completely degraded in 4 min. In addition, the stability of the composites is also greatly enhanced. After five cycles of testing, the photocatalytic activity of 15%WO3(H2O)0.333/Ag3PO4 is not obviously decreased. However, the degradation efficiency of Ag3PO4 was only 20.2%. This indicates that adding WO3(H2O)0.333 can significantly improve the photoetching resistance of Ag3PO4. Finally, Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism is investigated.

摘要：光催化转化CO_(2)为碳氢燃料,分解水产氢,选择性有机合成,还原N_(2)为NH_(3),降解毒害的有机污染物等对解决能源环境问题有重要意义。早在1972年,研究者利用TiO_(2)通过光催化实现了全面分解水产氢和产氧。由于低的可见光利用率,严重的载流子复合和过高的水氧化能垒导致光催化全面水分解的效率极低。由于氢相对于氧更具有经济价值,因此牺牲剂辅助的光催化产氢被大量研究。由于牺牲剂可以快速的消耗光生空穴,有效降低了氧化端的能垒,光催化产氢的效率相比于光催化水分解的效率提高了3–4个量级。然而,牺牲剂的使用不仅导致了光生空穴的浪费,成本的提高,还导致了潜在的环境问题。近些年,研究者通过将光催化还原反应和光催化氧化反应结合在一起实现了电子空穴的全面利用,并改进了氧化和还原的效率。同时,电子空穴的全面利用也有效的促进了电荷的分离并提高了催化剂的稳定性。然而,由于全面氧化还原的设计难度大,反应过程复杂,因此光催化全面氧化还原的机理尚不够明确,仍然需要大量的探索。在这篇综述中,首先从光捕获、光激发电荷分离、氧化还原反应的热力学和动力学过程等角度讨论了光催化的基本原理。然后根据不同的光催化氧化反应和光催化还原反应的耦合,比如光催化整体水分解、光催化产H_(2)与有机氧化耦合、光催化CO_(2)还原与有机氧化耦合、光催化产H_(2)O_(2)与有机氧化耦合、光催化N_(2)还原与N_(2)氧化耦合、光催化有机还原与有机氧化耦合等光催化全面氧化还原反应进行了系统分类。随后,从光催化材料的设计、反应条件、反应物和产物的多样性等方面详细考虑了光催化氧化还原反应的设计要点。此外,通过功函数、电子密度差、Bader电荷、吸附自由能的变化,讨论了密度泛函理论(DFT)计算在揭示光激发电荷转移、中间体转变过程中的速率决定步骤和氧化还原反应势垒方面的重要作用。然后,结合典型案例,尽可能通过原位表征和DFT计算,详细分析了各种光催化氧化还原反应的活性和机理。最后,从构建S型异质结光催化剂、合理负载助催化剂、设计光催化剂形貌、开发新型光催化剂、合理选择氧化半反应和还原半反应耦合、原位表征和DFT计算的结合等角度对光催化全面氧化还原反应的应用进行了总结和展望。该工作为光催化整体氧化还原反应的设计策略和机理洞察提供了参考。

摘要：The unique photocatalytic mechanism of S-scheme heterojunction can be used to study new and efficient *** carefully selecting semiconductors for S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts,it is possible to reduce the rate of photogenerated carrier recombination and increase the conversion efficiency of light into *** are a group of compounds that include sulfides and selenides(e.g.,CdS,ZnS,Bi_(2)S_(3),MoS_(2),ZnSe,CdSe,and CuSe).Chalcogenides have attracted considerable attention as heterojunction photocatalysts owing to their narrow bandgap,wide light absorption range,and excellent photoreduction *** paper presents a thorough analysis of S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts based on *** an introduction to the fundamental characteristics and benefits of S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts,various chalcogenide-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst synthesis techniques are *** photocatalysts are used in numerous significant photocatalytic reactions,in-cluding the reduction of carbon dioxide,synthesis of hydrogen peroxide,conversion of organic matter,generation of hydrogen from water,nitrogen fixation,degradation of organic pollutants,and *** addition,cutting-edge characterization techniques,including in situ characterization techniques,are discussed to validate the steady and transient states of photocatalysts with an S-scheme ***,the design and challenges of chalcogenide-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts are explored and recommended in light of state-of-the-art research.

摘要：人工半导体光催化CO_(2)转化被广泛认为是模拟自然碳循环的最有前途的策略之一。其中,Bi_(2)MoO_(6)具有光催化CO_(2)转化的潜力。然而,由于其光生电荷载体的快速复合,其催化性能仍然不足。因此,改善Bi_(2)MoO_(6)的催化效率是一个紧迫的问题。在这项研究中,我们通过水热法合成了Bi_(2)MoO_(6)纳米片,并在其表面同时生长了CeO_(2)纳米颗粒,形成了Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+)离子桥接修饰的S型异质结。时间分辨光致发光光谱和光电化学测试揭示了这种异质结的增强电荷分离效应。此外,原位X射线光电子能谱分析和理论计算进一步证实,光生电子转移路径遵循S型机制,从氧化型半导体Bi_(2)MoO_(6)的导带转移到还原型半导体CeO_(2)的价带。实验结果表明,CeO_(2)/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)、Bi_(2)MoO_(6)和CeO_(2)的光催化CO_(2)还原为CO的效率分别为65.3、14.8和1.2μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)。与纯Bi_(2)MoO_(6)相比,CeO_(2)/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)复合催化剂将CO_(2)光催化还原为CO的催化效率提高了3.12倍。这项工作为设计和构建新型S型异质结光催化剂提供了独特的见解。

摘要：作为一种清洁的太阳能转换技术,半导体光催化为应对世界能源危机和环境污染治理提供了重要技术途径。而在不同类型的光催化剂中,铋基材料凭借其特有的晶体结构、可调的能带宽度、多样的化学组成,以及在光催化领域所具有的广泛前景而备受关注。尽管如此,当前关于铋基光催化剂的开发还不够完善,仍需要大量研究和讨论。为了提高铋基材料的催化性能,并克服目前低光利用效率、选择性差和成本高的挑战,对其结构、合成和结构调控方法的全面理解必不可少。因此本文系统论述了在太阳能应用领域,铋基光催化剂的合理设计与最新进展。这篇文章首先概述了多种铋基光催化剂的近期科研动态,包括层状铋化合物、铋元素、BiVO_(4)、Bi_(2)S_(2)和Bi_(2)O_(3)等材料。其次,归纳了铋基光催化剂的主要合成方案,并介绍了提高催化活性的结构调控方法。接着,强调了铋基材料在CO_(2)还原、光解水、N_(2)固定、NOX去除、H_(2)O_(2)生产以及选择性有机反应等多种领域潜力巨大。此外,文章还深入探讨了用于铋基光催化剂的先进原位分析手段。最后,本综述明确了现存的发展障碍,并预测了铋基光催化剂的未来发展前景。本综述有望为深入理解和合理设计高性能铋基材料提供全面指导,推动环境与能源领域的创新应用,助力实现双碳目标和可持续发展。

摘要：太阳能驱动的光催化CO_(2)还原(PCR)技术可以将CO_(2)转化为增值燃料,被认为是可以解决化石能源的日益减少和环境污染问题的可持续能源转换技术.CO_(2)的光催化还原涉及多种催化剂和反应途径,构建异质结催化剂是提高光催化CO_(2)还原效率的重要策略.然而,异质结催化剂的光吸收范围一直是影响其性能的重要因素.在增强近红外区光吸收的众多材料中,具有局部表面等离子体共振(LSPR)效应的非贵金属等离子体材料是合适的选择.W_(18)O_(49)具有特殊的缺陷结构和LSPR效应,可以产生高能“热电子”并促进载流子转移,进一步优化了W_(18)O_(49)敏化光催化复合材料的设计,在光催化中显示出非凡的潜力和研究价值.本文在源自In-MOF的碳包覆In_(2)O_(3)(C-In_(2)O_(3))纳米棒外表面组装一维高吸光度W_(18)O_(49)纳米线,设计和制备C-In_(2)O_(3)/W_(18)O_(49)分级S型异质结.采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜对样品进行了结构和形貌表征,结果表明,成功制备了C-In_(2)O_(3)/W_(18)O_(49)复合材料.通过X射线光电子能谱和密度泛函理论计算分析了电子流向,验证了S型异质结的机理.使用原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱、气相色谱和同位素标定进一步确定了PCR反应中间体活化过程和反应产物,其中40%C-In_(2)O_(3)/W_(18)O_(49)复合材料的CO产率最高,达到135.82μmol·h^(-1)·g^(-1),分别是纯C-In_(2)O_(3)和W_(18)O_(49)的2.99和2.84倍.采用时间分辨瞬态光致发光光谱测定样品的荧光寿命,结果表明,C-In_(2)O/W_(18)O_(49)复合材料拥有更长的载流子衰变动力学的平均寿命(4.0707 ns),表明复合材料可以更有效地利用可见光进行光催化反应.C-In_(2)O_(3)/W_(18)O_(49)复合材料较好的催化性能主要归因于以下两个方面.(1)碳涂层的高电子电导率促进了C-In_(2)O_(3)和W_(18)O_(49)之间的电荷转移,载流子在非均相界面的均匀分布和高清的转移是光催化活性提高的重要原因;(2)S型异质结中的内部电子转移和注入C-In_(2)O_(3)的LSPR诱导的“热电子”实现了PCR的双路径电子转移,从而使得PCR反应的活性得到了显著提高.综上,本文为开发高效可见光催化剂提供了新思路和实验依据.

摘要：利用光催化剂将太阳能转化为化学能,以应对当今社会所面临的环境污染和能源挑战,是一种极具发展潜力的策略.因此,研发高效光催化剂成为当务之急.在众多光催化剂中,金属硫化物受到广泛关注.其中,CdS因其出色的产氢性能而被视为一种具有前景的光催化剂,并备受关注.然而,CdS易发生光腐蚀,导致S2‒阴离子容易被产生的空穴氧化,从而影响了其光化学稳定性,限制了其应用.为解决上述问题,本课题组尝试用(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(3)‒代替S2‒合成了不易受光腐蚀且相对稳定的聚合物Cd_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)(CdTMT),CdTMT是一种对可见光有良好响应的大分子配位聚合物,在光催化制氢方面表现出较好的催化性能.本文以八面体CdTMT为基底,通过生长棒状Zn_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)(ZnTMT),利用简便的一步原位水热法制备了不同比例的CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结光催化剂.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜以及透射电镜对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌以及组成元素进行了表征,并利用X射线光电子能谱、开尔文探针力显微镜和电子顺磁共振等技术对复合材料的电子传输行为进行了详细分析.结果表明,在黑暗状态下,电子由CdTMT转移到ZnTMT,当光照时电子由ZnTMT转移到CdTMT,证实了CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结的成功构建.同时,拉曼光谱证明了三嗪环的存在.此外,考察了纯样品和复合材料的光催化析氢性能.结果表明,在光照下S型CdTMT/ZnTMT异质结的光催化析氢效率相较于单一催化剂ZnTMT与CdTMT有显著提升,最高达到45.24 mmol·g^(‒1)·h^(‒1),分别是ZnTMT和CdTMT的215.43倍和1.76倍.CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结的内建电场、能带弯曲和库仑力以及π共轭轨道之间存在协同作用,不仅保留了CdTMT导带上电子与ZnTMT价带上空穴的强氧化还原能力,而且通过重新配置氧化还原活性较低的光生电子和空穴,实现了更高的电子-空穴分离效率,从而增强了复合材料的光催化活性.上述结果与表征和密度泛函理论计算结果一致.鉴于聚合物体系在自然环境中的无序性,研究聚合物的电子传递机制仍具有一定的挑战性.本文通过成功构建双聚合物S型异质结,在显著优化光催化剂性能的同时,也为设计聚合物电子转移机制和优化聚合物光催化剂性能提供了新思路.

摘要：虚拟现实技术对人们生活方式具有变革性的影响,同时其在历史文化景观再现中的运用也具有可能性。虚拟现实技术在规划设计领域虚拟建模及虚拟设计两方面的运用以及在历史文化景观再现中的运用,都显示其具有很好的发展前景。