摘要：Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting process is regarded as a promising route to generate hydrogen by solar energy and at the heart of PEC is efficient electrode *** progress has been achieved in the aspects of material design,cocatalyst study,and electrode fabrication over the past ***,some key challenges remain unsolved,including the most demanded conversion efficiency *** three critical steps,*** harvesting,charge transfer and surface reaction of the PEC process,occur in a huge range of time scale(from10-12s to100s),how to manage these subsequent steps to facilitate the seamless cooperation between each step to realize efficient PEC process is essentially *** review focuses on an integral consideration of the three key criteria based on the recent progress on high efficient and stable photoelectrode design in *** basic principles and potential strategies are ***,the challenge and perspective are also discussed.

摘要：Fast migration and efficient spatial separation of photogenerated charges in photocatalytic materials are indispensable to efficient solar water splitting ***,we construct a three-phase heterostructure of CdS/PbTiO_(3)/TiO_(2)by selectively depositing CdS and TiO_(2)at oppositely poled crystal facets of PbTiO_(3)using single-domain ferroelectric PbTiO_(3).The heterostructure has matching band edge alignments and strong interfacial connections at different *** heterostructure combines the interfacial electrical and ferroelectric fields because of their peculiar microstructures,which provide a strong driving force throughout the whole bulk to separate photogenerated *** two orders of magnitude improvement of visible-light-driven photocatalytic H_(2) production has been realized in CdS/PbTiO_(3)/TiO_(2)compared with bare PbTiO_(3)/TiO_(2),showing the efficiency of charge separation in the *** idea of combining ferroelectrics with potential light capture semiconductor provides a paradigm to accurately design charge migration pathways,bringing a step closer to efficient solar water splitting.

摘要：Photoelectorchemical（PEC） water splitting is an attractive approach for producing sustainable and environment-friendly hydrogen. An efficient PEC process is rooted in appropriate semiconductor materials, which should possess small bandgap to ensure wide light harvest, facile charge separation to allow the generated photocharges migrating to the reactive sites and highly catalytic capability to fully utilize the separated photocharges. Proper electrode fabrication method is of equal importance for promoting charge transfer and accelerating surface reactions in the electrodes. Moreover,powerful characterization method can shed light on the complex PEC process and provide deep understanding of the rate-determining step for us to improve the PEC systems further. Targeting on high solar conversion efficiency, here we provide a review on the development of PEC water splitting in the aspect of materials exploring, fabrication method and characterization. It is expected to provide some fundamental insight of PEC and inspire the design of more effective PEC systems.

摘要：Thermal catalytic degradation of organic pollutants conducted in the dark at room temperature under atmospheric pressure without the need of external chemicals and energy sources has attracted a lot of attention over the last two decades. It provides unparalleled advantages over other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in treating domestic and industrial contaminated wastewater from the viewpoint of energy/chemical conservation and ease of operation. Rich knowledge has been accumulated in terms of the synthesis and application of thermal catalysts though controversies remain regarding their underlying mechanisms. This review sheds light on the proposed thermo- catalysis mechanism for the first time and presents the development of thermal catalysts under dark ambient conditions with a focus on catalyst materials, catalytic activity, and mechanism. The present review aims to provide mechanistic insights into the rational design of novel and efficient catalysts, and their underlying mechanisms as well as the emerging challenges and perspectives in thermo-catalysis under dark ambient conditions used for the practical and efficient treatment of contaminated wastewater.

摘要：Hollow structuring has been intensively studied as an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials for rechargeable batteries in terms of specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling performance. To date, hollow structured anode materials have been extensively investigated, while hollow structured cathode materials(HSCMs) are relatively less explored because of the difficulties in morphological control as well as the concern of reduced volumetric capacities. In this paper, we provide an overview of the research advances in the synthesis and evolution of HSCMs for metal(Li, Na, etc.) ion batteries. Attributing to the advantages of hollow structures including high surface area, excellent accessibility to active sites, and enhanced mass transport and diffusion, hollow structuring can significantly improve the performance of high-capacity cathode materials with low kinetics, such as lithium rich layered oxides, silicates, and V2O5. It is anticipated that the precise and facile control of the spatial configuration can balance the electrochemical performance of HSCMs and the volumetric capacities of HSCMs, leading to practical high-performance batteries.

摘要：Common solar-driven photoelectrochemical(PEC) cells for water splitting were designed by using semiconducting photoactive materials as working photoelectrodes to capture sunlight. Due to the thermodynamic requirement of 1.23 eV and kinetic energy loss of about 0.6 eV, a photo-voltage of 1.8 V produced by PEC cells is generally required for spontaneous water splitting. Therefore, the minimum bandgap of1.8 eV is demanded for photoactive materials in single-photoelectrode PEC cells, and the bandgap of about 1 eV for back photoactive materials is appropriate in tandem PEC cells. All these PEC cells cannot effectively utilize the infrared light from 1250 to 2500 nm. In order to realize the full spectrum utilization of solar light, here, we develop a solar-driven PEC water splitting system integrated with a thermoelectric device. The key feature of this system is that the thermoelectric device produces a voltage as an additional bias for the PEC system by using the temperature difference between the incident infrared-light heated aqueous electrolyte in the PEC cell as the hot source and unirradiated external water as the cold source. Compared to a reference PEC system without the thermoelectric device, this system has a significantly improved overall water splitting activity of 1.6 times and may provide a strategy for accelerating the application of full spectrum solar light-driven PEC cells for hydrogen production.

摘要：基于延迟分离涡模拟(DDES)方法对轻载和重载工况下的螺旋桨尾流场进行数值模拟,对比不同载况下的螺旋桨尾流动力学特征,结果表明:在高进速系数的轻载工况下,桨后螺旋涡的螺距较大,尾流更加稳定;而在低进速系数的重载工况下,桨后螺旋涡螺距较小,相邻梢涡之间的干扰效应增强,涡系统趋于更早的发生不稳定行为甚至崩溃。研究结果对螺旋桨的设计和优化具有一定的工程价值和指导意义。

摘要：螺旋桨尾流场的涡流特性是一个基础但又十分复杂的流体力学问题,它的复杂性源于其蕴含复杂的漩涡系统,且该漩涡系统会在高速的剪切层流动中不断演化,其流体动力学行为,如由稳定态演变为不稳定态的机理以及复杂工况环境中的流动现象,一直是流体力学领域的难点和备受关注的热点问题.从工程应用的角度看,桨后梢涡的演化特性与船舶结构物的宏观特性直接相关,更好地理解多工况下螺旋桨尾流的动力学特性,将有助于改善与振动、噪声以及结构问题等相关的推进器性能,对综合性能优良的下一代螺旋桨的设计和优化有着重要的现实意义.本文基于延迟分离涡模拟、大涡模拟和无湍流模型模拟方法以及粒子图像测速流场测试分别开展了螺旋桨尾流动力学特性的数值与试验研究,对螺旋桨尾流不稳定性的触发机理进行了揭示.基于均匀来流中螺旋桨梢涡的演化机理,提出了螺旋桨梢涡演化模型.该模型能够较为准确地模拟螺旋桨梢涡的演化过程,预测螺旋桨梢涡融合的时间和位置,对螺旋桨流噪声预报和控制以及性能优良的螺旋桨设计具有重要意义.

摘要：基于雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯方法对空化流中具有升沉运动状态的螺旋桨进行了数值模拟,螺旋桨旋转与升沉运动的耦合采用自主定义的运动方程来实现,升沉运动简化为基于正弦函数运动规律的周期性运动,非定常流场的数值传递采用重叠网格技术实现.对不同升沉运动周期下的螺旋桨非定常推力系数、扭矩系数进行了分析,对螺旋桨的非定常空泡性能以及尾流特征进行了对比研究.结果表明:升沉运动会加剧推力系数和扭矩系数的非定常特性,并导致螺旋桨片空泡的非均匀分布;升沉运动周期越小,桨后涡结构的干扰效应越强,螺旋桨诱导的脉动压力幅值越大.计算结果对螺旋桨的优化设计具有一定的理论参考意义.

摘要：建设一流专业,深化课程改革,将创新创业教育融入人才培养全过程,持续提升创新创业教育水平,是培养大学生科技人才的重要途径。基于省一流专业建设背景下,本文根据《粮油加工副产物综合利用》课程性质与特点,围绕教学目标,在创新创业教育理念指导下,探索开发与实施粮食工程专业大学生实践案例教学的方法。为改善课程授课形式单一、实践教学环节薄弱、教学评估维度单一等教学现实困境,通过产业案例启发教学、课堂展示、小组创新实验设计开发、科学家精神培育及延伸第二课堂科创竞赛教学等改进举措和多维评估持续机制,以构建基于“课堂-实验-实践”建设思路的“三位一体”创新创业教学协同育人平台,多维度激发学生创新创业能力。以期通过专业课程为载体,搭建平台育人体系,推动专业知识与学生创新创业能力的平衡发展,从而提高粮食工程创新创业人才培养水平。