摘要：Pressurized irrigation systems are economically justifiable for medium-to large-scale farms,while fewer choices are available for *** current research work provides additional options for small plots,as the only income source for low-income farmers in poorer countries,which produce a considerable portion of the agricultural products in some regions of the *** this research,two novel layouts of a semipermanent sprinkler irrigation system,namely,clock hand(CH)and corner pivot(CP)lateral designs,were designed for a lighter irrigation system to lower the cost *** new techniques were based on a quadrant/full circle movement pattern of manually pivoting laterals,with no/shorter main pipe requirements,which causes a higher system *** retrofitted layouts were examined in different farms with areas of 0.20 hm^(2),0.81 hm^(2),1.62 hm^(2),and 3.24 hm^(2) in Guangxi,*** study introduced,analyzed,and compared the layouts with the widespread traditional split lateral method on technical planning,components,implementation,operation details,size optimization,performance evaluation,and economic *** comparison with the traditional system,CH and CP were found to be more user-friendly and cost-effective but slightly complicated in design with higher required manual *** results revealed a distribution uniformity(LQDU)of 81.0%to 84.0%via the catch can method,lower capital costs(35.0%-45.0%),and lower annual expenses(6.5%-9.8%)for CP and CH,respectively,compared to the split lateral *** 0.81 hm^(2) and 1.62 hm^(2) farms were found to be the optimum farm sizes for implementation of the new methods for a 25-year project time *** outcomes of this experimental work can encourage small farm owners with limited capital to apply pressurized systems for efficient irrigation and water resource sustainability.

摘要：This paper deals with the economically optimized design and sensitivity of two of the most widely used systems in geotechnical engineering: spread footing and retaining wall. Several recent advanced optimization methods have been developed, but very few of these methods have been applied to geotechnical problems. The current research develops a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) approach to obtain the optimum design of spread footing and retaining wall. The algorithm handles the problem-specific constraints using a penalty function approach. The optimization procedure controls all geotechnical and structural design constraints while reducing the overall cost of the structures. To verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm, three case studies of spread footing and retaining wall are illustrated. Comparison of the results of the present method, standard PSO, and other selected methods employed in previous studies shows the reliability and accuracy of the algorithm. Moreover, the parametric performance is investigated in order to examine the effect of relevant variables on the optimum design of the footing and the retaining structure utilizing the proposed method.