摘要：Statistical power, number of replicates and experiment complexity of semi-field and field studies on Apis and non-Apis bee species has become a major issue after publication of the draft European Food Safety Authority （EFSA） Guidance on risk assessment of plant protection products （PPP） on bees （Apis mellifera, Bombus spp. and solitary bees）. According to this guidance document, field studies have to be designed to be able to detect significance differences as low as 7% for certain endpoints such as reduction in colony size. This will require an immense number of replicates which is obviously not feasible. In the present study, key endpoints such as mortality, termination rate and number of brood cells in honeybee studies, cocoon production and flight activity in solitary bee studies and number of gynes in bumble bee studies （just to mention some of the endpoints considered） in semi-field studies were analyzed, with Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis during the past five years （2013-2017）. The results indicate huge differences in the percentage minimal detectable differences （%MDDs） （MDD expressed as median of control value of the endpoint in percent） depending on endpoint and species tested. For honeybee semi-field studies, the lowest %MDDs recorded were between 10% and 15% for the endpoints foraging, number of brood cells and colony strength. The highest %MDDs were observed for the endpoint termination rate, with a %MDD of almost 50%. For the endpoints in bumble bee semi-field studies the %MDDs varied between 17% for bumble bee colony weight and 53% for average mortality during the exposure period in the tunnel. The %MDD for the number of gynes （young queens） was slightly below 25%. For the semi-field solitary bee test system, the %MDDs for the measured endpoints seem to be lower than those for the other two species tested. The %MDDs for the endpoints hatching of offspring, nest occupation and number of cocoons were 8%, 13% and 14%, respective

摘要：目的明确在危重症患者中因谵妄而导致的病死率。设计前瞻性队列研究。背景2011年1月至2013年7月，荷兰一个有32张混合床位的重症医疗病房（ICU）。研究对象连续收住ICU至少24小时的1112例成人患者。暴露由受过培训的观察人员使用经过验证的评估工具每天评估患者的谵妄状态。应用Logistic回归分析和竞争风险生存分析校正基线变量，应用边际结构模型分析校正谵妄发作前疾病严重程度进展造成的混杂因素影响。