摘要：本文阐述了德国“马克斯 普朗克人类发展研究所”以GerdGigerenzer教授为代表的“适应行为与认知中心”简称“ABC研究中心 (组 )”关于判断、推理和决策制定简单启发式研究的理论背景、研究思路和技术路线 ,着重介绍了该研究中心在有限理性和生态理性假设基础上提出的一系列极富创意的快速节俭启发式规则 。

摘要：《新格罗夫音乐与音乐家辞典》(2001年版)中的"修辞与音乐"条目对音乐修辞理论的本源,与音乐分析、音乐史、音乐美学等学科之间的关系,以及音乐修辞理论自身的发展脉络、义理考据、代表学者及观点等问题作了详实阐述。从这一条目中,可以看到西方音乐修辞史的历史变迁是何等巨大,又何等丰富。该译文为我们研究当代音乐修辞理论提供了重要线索。

摘要：在风力机翼型型线形状优化设计中,提出了一种新的基于Joukowski保角变换的通用翼型型线表征形式。建立了翼型多目标形状优化设计的数学模型,应用改进的多目标遗传优化算法,设计得到了4种性能优越的风力机专用翼型。详细分析了WT180翼型的空气动力学特性,该翼型在设计工况和非设计工况下都具有良好的气动性能,具有较低的前缘粗糙度敏感性。与目前风力机常用翼型相比,新翼型在主要工作攻角范围内,光滑和粗糙条件下的升力系数更高,升阻比更大,其气动性能相比传统翼型表现出明显的提高。

摘要：【目的】本研究对枯草杆菌ylyA基因进行荧光标记以便对其产物YlyA在菌体中的位置进行初步观察。【方法】以不同菌株基因组DNA为模板,对ylyA基因进行PCR扩增和序列分析;重新设计引物扩增全长的ylyA并将其克隆到载体pSG1729中,形成gfpmut1-ylyA融合而构建重组载体pNG426;将pNG426转化枯草杆菌168菌株,双交换使gfpmut1-ylyA插入染色体的amyE位点,用碘染色法和菌落PCR对阳性转化子BS363进行鉴定。NA固体培养基上生长的BS363经0.5%木糖诱导表达后,利用表面荧光显微镜技术进行观察。【结果】通过对多个PCR产物的序列分析确定了ylyA基因的正确序列以及正确的翻译起始位点;成功将重组载体pNG426转化枯草杆菌得到了BS363菌株;荧光检测结果表明GFP标记的YlyA分布于菌体的外周,在位置上靠近细胞膜并与之平行排列。【结论】生长缓慢的BS363菌体,在0.5%木糖诱导下产生的荧光标记YlyA蛋白分布在细胞外周,可能在膜生物学中发挥作用。

摘要：从美国一开始有了风景园林行业,这个行业就一直没有很清晰地定位过,我的老师Hedio Sasaki曾经跟我说,从事这个行业,最坏的事情就是行业没有清晰的定位,但最好的事情也是它没有清晰的定位,这使得我们风景园林师跟建筑师不同,我们可以从不同尺度、规模和科学、艺术角度来进行实践。

摘要：Regulation of osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stromal cells （BMSCs） plays a critical role in bone regeneration. As small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs （miRNAs） play an important role in stem cell differentiation through regulating target-mRNA expression. Unfortunately, highly efficient and safe delivery of miRNAs to BMSCs to regulate their osteogenic differentiation remains challenging. Conventional inorganic nanocrystals have shown increased toxicity owing to their larger size precluding renal clearance. Here, we developed novel, surface-engineered, ultra-small gold nanoparticles （USAuNPs, 〈10 nm） for use as highly efficient miR-5106-delivery systems to enable regulation of BMSC differentiation. We exploited the effects of AuNPs coated layer-by-layer with polyethylenimine （PEI） and liposomes （Lipo） to enhance miR-5106-delivery activity and subsequent BMSC differentiation capacity. The PEI- and Lipo-coated AuNPs （Au@PEI@Lipo） showed negligible cytotoxicity, good miRNA-5106-binding affinity, highly efficient delivery of miRNAs to BMSCs, and long-term miRNA expression （21 days）. Additionally, compared with commercial Lipofectamine 3000 and 25 kD PEI, the optimized Au@PEI@Lipo-miR-5106 nanocomplexes significantly enhanced BMSC differentiation into osteoblast-like cells through activation of the Sox9 transcription factor. Our findings reveal a promising strategy for the rational design of ultra-small inorganic nanoparticles as highly efficient miRNA-delivery platforms for tissue regeneration and disease therapy.

摘要：Stacking nanoscale-building blocks into onedimensional(1D)assemblies with collective physical properties is a frontier in designing ***,the formation of 1D arrays using weak magnetic fields and an in-depth understanding of their magnetic properties remain ***,low-dimensional assemblies of iron oxide nanocubes with a disordered arrangement are fabricated at the diethylene-glycol/air interface in the presence of assembly fields(0/1/3/5/30/50 mT).Ring-shaped assemblies gradually transform as the assembly field increases from 0 to 50 mT,first to a porous network consisting of elongated assemblies and then to an aligned array of filaments,in which the aligned filaments are formed when the assembly field is≥3 mT and duration t>14 ***-glass characteristics and static(dynamic)anisotropy factors~2(3)are achieved by tuning the strength of the assembly *** the presence of a relatively weak assembly field,the interplay between dipolar interactions and disorder with respect to magnetic easy axis alignment leads to spin-glass *** alignment of the magnetic easy axes and the strength of the dipolar interactions increase with increasing assembly field,resulting in the disappearance of spin-glass characteristics and enhancement of the magnetic *** study presents a strategy for obtaining magnetic assemblies with spin-glass behavior and controllable anisotropy while shedding light on the magnetic interactions of low-dimensional assemblies.

摘要：The exchange bias is of technological significance in magnetic recording and spintronic *** a large bias field is a long-term goal for the research field of magnetic shape memory *** this work,a large bias field of 0.53 T is achieved in the Ni50Mn34In16-xFex(x=1,3,5)system by tuning the magnetic ground state(determined by the composition x)and the magnetic-field history(determined by the magnetic field HFCduring field cooling and the maximum field HMaxduring isothermal magnetization).The maximum volume fraction of the interfaces between the ferromagnetic clusters and antiferromagnetic matrix and the strong interfacial interaction are achieved by tuning the magnetic ground state and the magnetic-field history,which results in strong magnetic unidirectional anisotropy and the large exchange ***,two guidelines were proposed to obtain the large bias ***,the composition with a magnetic ground state consisting of the dilute spin glass and the strong antiferromagnetic matrix is preferred to obtain a large bias field;secondly,tuning the magnetic-field history by enhancing HFCand reducing HMaxis beneficial to achieving large exchange *** work provides an effective way for designing magnetically inhomogeneous compounds with large exchange bias.

摘要：背景:2010年德国学术交流中心经济上支持通讯作者,访问德国感染研究中心分子生物技术学部,合作项目《多孔生物镁支架的负重组织工程骨仿生技术基础及应用研究》项目,已完成该工作及生物镁仿生涂层基础实验。目的:研究股骨干大面积缺损多孔生物镁支架和新长入骨的仿生力学,以及板状骨科植入物和宿主骨的仿生力学,提出设计原则和发展方向。方法:以客户定制的多孔支架/新长入骨复合材料微体积元模型和板状植入物/宿主长骨层状复合材料微体积元模型为对象,利用弹性力学及体积定量多相分析等方法,提出各自的弹性模量混合法则,以及新长入骨(或宿主骨)的机械应力(刺激)公式。结果与结论:不同多孔支架材料的弹性模量和体积分数条件下,比较新长入骨的机械应力(刺激)和支架机械应力:①新长入骨/多孔金属(除多孔钽等外)支架复合材料强度明显高于原宿主骨,可能解决部分脱钙骨支架和人自体骨髓间充质干细胞复合物及其他非金属支架在植入人体早期缺乏一定力学强度的问题。②多孔支架材料的弹性模量和体积分数愈小,新长入骨所受到的机械刺激愈大。对于负重组织工程骨,特别是客户定制的股骨干、胫骨干、腓骨干等大面积缺损多孔支架,多孔生物镁支架是最佳选择。不同板状植入物的弹性模量、板厚度和应变,以及表面微结构和仿生涂层对宿主骨的机械刺激都有影响:①板状骨科植入物强度和刚性是最重要的。当植入板厚度愈小,弹性模量增大引起宿主骨的机械刺激减小愈不明显。②降低弹性模量的表面微结构对局部降低应力遮挡效应,保证宿主骨机械刺激,改善生物相容性,加强生物固定等是必要的。

摘要：有经验教师是教师队伍的重要力量。当前英国有经验教师的流失现象日益严重,在职的有经验教师遭受到不公平待遇。英国单一的以学校领导为目标的晋升路径阻碍了不选择成为学校管理者的有经验教师的专业发展道路。基于此,英国政府于2020年10月出台了中小学《教师发展领导力框架》,为致力于课堂教学的教师提供深化自身专业发展和指导其他教师专业成长的机会。该框架从教学、设计和保障有效的专业发展方案、实施四个方面以及"学习什么"和"学习如何做"两个层面规定了领导型教师在引领教师发展方面应该具备的知识、技能和行为。领导型教师在教学方面,应该提高自身的教学能力,掌握学生的学习心理,有能力开展适应性教学;在设计专业发展方案方面,注重指引实习教师和新任教师提高教学质量,根据教师的发展专长制订针对性方案;在保障专业发展方案方面,注重内部和外部专业知识的流动,重视在跨专业团队中引入专家教师的力量;在实施方面,关注学校资源的整体统筹,确保学校各方力量对实施的支持,通过监测和评估实施过程维持实施成果。英国中小学教师发展领导力框架启发我国重视领导型教师对新任教师的引领作用,注意发挥跨学科教师团队的协作效应,促进学校整体与教师个体的协调发展。