摘要：The sharp rise of CO2 in the atmosphere has become a potential threat to global climate, which results from the massive utilization of fossil fuel since the industry revolution. CO2 electroreduction provides us a new possibility of utilizing CO2 as a carbon feedstock for fuel and commercial chemicals generation. In this article, a new method is developed for synthesizing CuInS2 hollow nanostructures through the Kirkendall effect. The CuInS2 hollow nanostructures exhibit excellent catalytic activity for electrochemical reduction of CO2 with particular high selectivity, achieving high faradaic efficiency for HCOOH of 72.8% at -0.7 V. To elucidate the mechanisms, operando electrochemical Raman spectroscopy is employed to examine the CO2 reduction process. This work provides new insights into the design of hollow nanostructures toward electrocatalytic CO2 conversion and offers us an effective and reliable way for real-time investigation of electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction processes.

摘要：The energy crisis and global warming become severe issues. Solar-driven CO2 reduction provides a promising route to confront the predicaments, which has received much attention. The photoelectrochemical（PEC） process,which can integrate the merits of both photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, boosts splendid talent for CO2 reduction with high efficiency and excellent selectivity. Recent several decades have witnessed the overwhelming development of PEC CO2 reduction. In this review, we attempt to systematically summarize the recent advanced design for PEC CO2 reduction. On account of basic principles and evaluation parameters, we firstly highlight the subtle construction for photocathodes to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of CO2 reduction, which includes the strategies for improving light utilization, supplying catalytic active sites and steering reaction ***, diversiform novel PEC setups are also *** exploited setups endow a bright window to surmount the intrinsic disadvantages of photocathode, showing promising potentials for future applications. Finally, we underline the challenges and key factors for the further development of PEC CO2 reduction that would enable more efficient designs for setups and deepen systematic understanding for mechanisms.

摘要：Supports are commonly implemented in the industrial application of heterogeneous catalysts to improve the stability and recyclability of *** supported catalysts often show the enhanced activity and selectivity in various catalytic ***,the specific contributions of electronic and steric effects to a catalytic system often remain elusive due to the lack of well-defined model *** this work,two types of uniform Pd nanocrystals covered by{111}facets in tetrahedral and octahedral shapes,respectively,are synthesized with identical chemical environment and loaded on Ti O_2supports to form hybrid structures(Pd{111}-Ti O_2)towards the application of formic acid *** observation suggests that the polarization effect at the interface of Pd-Ti O_2enhances its activity in formic acid ***,the Pd tetrahedrons-Ti O_2hybrid structure whose Pd{111}-Ti O_2interface possesses a larger angle shows higher catalytic activity,owing to the reduced steric effect as compared to Pd octahedrons-Ti O_*** study reveals the nature of interface effects in formic acid decomposition,and provides a guidance for the related catalyst design.

摘要：CIP是设备与管道的清洗系统,CIP系统在啤酒生产企业的应用,有利于推行洁净生产和安全卫生管理。文中介绍了CIP系统、CIP系统的设计要点、清洗剂的类别、清洗效果的影响因素,以及清洗的评价等。

摘要：Efficient tandem reactions on a single catalytic nanostructure would be beneficial to improving chemical transformation efficiency and reducing safety implications. It is imperative to identify the active sites for each single step reaction so that the entire reaction process can be optimized by designing and integrating the sites. Herein, hydrogen transfer reaction is taken as a proof-of-concept demonstration to show that the spatial integration of active sites is important to the catalytic efficiency of the entire process in tandem reactions. We identified specific active sites (i.e., various sites at faces versus corners and edges) for formic acid decomposition and alkene/nitrobenzene hydrogenation-the two steps in hydrogen transfer reactions, by employing three different shapes of Pd nanocrystals in tunable sizes. The investigation reveals that the decomposition of formic acid occurs preferentially at the edge sites of cubic nanocrystal and the plane sites of octahedral/ tetrahedral nanocrystals, while the hydrogenation takes place mainly at the edge sites of both cubic and octahedral/ tetrahedral nanocrystals. The consistency of active edge sites during different step reactions enables cubic nanocrystals to exhibit a higher activity than octahedral nanocrystals in hydrogen transfer reactions, although octahedrons offer comparable activities to cubes in formic acid decomposition and hydrogenation reactions. Guided by these findings, we further improved the overall performance of tandem catalysis by specifically promoting the limiting step through nanocatalyst design. This work provides insights into the rational design of heterogeneous nanocatalysts in tandem reactions.

摘要：探讨了城市生活垃圾水力学参数的实验测试方法,设计并制作了一套实验装置,对在不同压力条件下填埋体的渗透系数进行了实验测试。通过对实验结果的拟合分析,阐述了垃圾体渗透系数随孔隙比变化的规律。采用美国环保署的HELP模型,利用垃圾体在不同压力条件下的渗透试验结果,对填埋场进行了水体平衡分析。结果表明压力场对填埋场水文状况的影响不容忽略。

摘要：在微生物学课程中开展思政教学有助于提升相关专业学生的思想道德修养和综合素质,是当前高校教育"立德树人"根本任务的具体要求,也是思政教育"全过程、常态化"的重要体现。案例教学法是微生物学课程思政的一种重要教学方法,主要以微生物学科发展中的一些著名学者及其事迹为案例,引导学生认识和理解这些案例的思想内涵,以提升自身思想道德水平。该教学方法在实践中获得了较为理想的教学效果,但也存在着设计不够充分、时效性不足等问题。针对这些问题,本文提出了以新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19,简称"新冠"病毒肺炎)疫情为案例的问题导向式微生物学课程思政教学设计方案。该设计基于当前"新冠"病毒肺炎疫情中涌现出的诸多先进人物和事迹,以及暴露出的一些不良现象和问题,通过将这些案例与微生物学专业知识,以及微生物学科发展历史上的经典人物事迹进行有机整合和提炼,开展问题导向式教学。这些案例都是学生亲身经历过的重大事件,因此能有效地提升学生的参与感,引发学生的共鸣。使用这些案例是对微生物学课程思政经典教学案例的有益补充,能更好地引导学生在学习相关专业知识的同时,主动思考各案例所蕴含的思想道德意义并将之内化为自己的价值信念,帮助他们塑造正确的"三观",最终实现微生物学课程思政"寓思想教育于科学知识学习"的教学目标。

摘要：非对称交酯合成效率低,开环聚合(ROP)产物分子量小,因此很少有研究报道聚非对称交酯的流变行为与力学性能.本研究采用N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA)作为缚酸剂,通过均相反应体系高效合成了多种非对称交酯,经ROP得到数均分子量70 kg/mol的聚非对称交酯;并对聚合物的化学结构、热学性能、流变行为和力学性能进行了表征.热学测试和力学性能测试结果表明5种聚酯材料均为非晶聚合物,在单体结构中引入高支化度饱和烷烃取代基和芳香族取代基可以提高聚合物玻璃化转变温度,而聚合物侧链的低支化度饱和烷烃取代基会降低其玻璃化转变温度并提高断裂伸长率.流变测试结果表明,不同取代基的聚非对称交酯的零切黏度均低于聚乳酸,并且聚合物的缠结分子量受取代基影响.本研究为聚酯材料结构设计与性能调控提供了有益参考.

摘要：从车辆设计及系统动力学参数优化的角度出发探索优化悬挂式单轨车辆导向性能的方法。首先对悬挂式单轨车辆结构进行分析,在此基础之上建立悬挂式单轨车辆拓扑构型关系和基于多体动力学的动力学仿真模型;然后对悬挂式单轨车辆系统动力学参数进行灵敏度分析,筛选出对悬挂式单轨车辆导向力矩影响显著的参数;最后以影响显著的系统动力学参数作为优化设计变量,以车辆曲线通过性能和平稳性作为优化约束条件,采用NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法作为优化算法,运用多体动力学软件(ADAMS)与多目标优化软件(modeFRONTIER)联合对悬挂式单轨车辆导向力矩进行优化分析,并对优化结果的有效性和可行性进行验证。优化结果表明:在满足给定约束条件下,当空气弹簧垂向刚度、空气弹簧横向刚度、走行轮垂向刚度、走行轮侧偏刚度、导向轮径向刚度达到最优解时,悬挂式单轨车辆的导向力矩降低了26.57%~38.57%,悬挂式单轨车辆的导向性能得到了有效提高。

摘要：Amidst the development of photoelectrochemical(PEC)CO_(2) conversion toward practical application,the production of high-value chemicals beyond C1 compounds under mild conditions is greatly desired yet ***,through rational PEC device design by combining Au-loaded and N-doped TiO_(2) plate nanoarray photoanode with Zn-doped Cu_(2)O dark cathode,efficient conversion of CO_(2) to CH3COOH has been achieved with an outstanding Faradaic efficiency up to 58.1%(91.5%carbon selectivity)at 0.5 V ***/*** programmed desorption and in situ Raman spectra reveal that the Zn-dopant in Cu_(2)O plays multiple roles in selective catalytic CO_(2) conversion,including local electronic structure manipulation and active site modification,which together promote the formation of intermediate*CH2/*CH3 for C-C *** from that,it is also unveiled that the sufficient electron density provided by the Au-loaded and N-doped TiO_(2) plate nanoarray photoanode plays an equally important role by initiating multi-electron CO_(2) *** work provides fresh insights into the PEC system design to reach the multi-electron reduction reaction and facilitate the C-C coupling reaction toward high-value multicarbon(C2+)chemical production via CO_(2) conversion.