摘要：Extrusion-based cell deposition has become a prominent technique for expanding bioprinting ***,the associated print resolution in the order of nanolitre or above has been a limiting *** demand for improving print resolution towards the scale of a single cell has driven the development of precision nozzle extrusion,although the benefits gained remain ***,aided by in situ imaging,we investigated the dynamics of cell organisation through an extrusion-based microcapillary tip with picolitre precision through in-air or immersion *** microcapillary extrusion setup,termed‘Picodis’,was demonstrated by generating droplets of colouring inks immersed in an immiscible ***,using 3T3 fibroblast cells as an experimental model,we demonstrated the deposition of cell suspension,and pre-aggregated cell ***,the dynamic organisation of cells within the microcapillary tip was described,along with cell ejection and deposition upon exiting the tip *** vision-assisted approach revealed that when dispersed in a culture medium,the movements of cells were distinctive based on the flow profiles and were purely driven by laminar fluid flow within a narrow *** primary process limitations were cell sedimentation,aggregation and compaction,along with trapped air *** use of picolitre-level resolution microcapillary extrusion,although it provides some level of control for a small number of cells,does not necessarily offer a reliable method when a specified number of cells are *** study provides insights into the process limitations of high-resolution cell ink extrusion,which may be useful for optimising biofabrication processes of cell-laden constructs for biomedical research.