摘要：Electrocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)(CO_(2)RR)to multicarbon products is an efficient approach for ad-dressing the energy crisis and achieving carbon *** H-cells,achieving high-current C_(2)products is challenging because of the inefficient mass transfer of the catalyst and the presence of the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).In this study,dendritic Cu/Cu_(2)O with abundant Cu^(0)/Cu^(+)interfaces and numerous dendritic curves was synthesized in a CO_(2)atmosphere,resulting in the high selectivity and current density of the C_(2)*** Cu/Cu_(2)O achieved a C_(2)Faradaic efficiency of 69.8%and a C_(2)partial current density of 129.5 mA cm^(-2)in an *** element simulations showed that a dendritic structure with a high curvature generates a strong electric field,leading to a localized CO_(2)***,DRT analysis showed that a dendritic struc-ture with a high curvature actively adsorbed the surrounding high concentration of CO_(2),enhancing the mass transfer rate and achieving a high current *** the experiment,the impact of the electronic structure on the performance of the catalyst was investigated by varying the atomic ratio of Cu^(0)/Cu^(+)on the catalyst surface,which resulted in improved ethylene *** the optimal atomic ratio of Cu^(0)/Cu^(+),the charge transfer resistance was minimized,and the desorption rate of the intermediates was low,favoring C_(2)*** functional theory calculations indicated that the Cu^(0)/Cu^(+)interfaces exhibited a lower Gibbs free energy for the rate-determining step,enhancing C_(2)H4 *** Cu/Cu_(2)O catalyst also exhibited a low Cu d-band center,which enhanced the adsorption stability of*CO on the surface and facilitated C_(2)*** observa-tion explained the higher yield of C_(2)products at the Cu^(0)/Cu^(+)interface than that of H_(2)under rapid mass *** results of the net present value model showed that the H-cell holds

摘要：Metal organic frameworks(MOFs)is a research hotspot in the solar fuel production and photo-degradation of pollutants field due to high surface area,rich metal/organic species,large pore volume,and adjustability of structures and ***,in this review,we first summarized the design factors of photocatalytic materials based on MOF from the perspective of"star"*** modification strategies of MOFs-based photocatalysts were discussed to improve its photocatalytic activity and specific applications were summarized as well,including photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction,photocatalytic water splitting and photo-degradation of ***,the advantages and disadvantages of MOFs-based photocatalysts were discussed,the current challenges were highlighted,and suggestions for future research directions were proposed.

摘要：实现高效、低成本的太阳能光催化全分解水制氢是解决当前环境污染和化石能源过度使用等问题的理想方案.然而,目前光催化分解水的转化效率(低于10%)普遍较低,这成为其实际应用的主要障碍.从太阳光谱的响应范围来看,现有的光催化剂大多局限于紫外光或可见光区域,而近红外光区的光催化剂开发仍然非常有限.尽管近红外光在太阳光谱中占比超过一半,蕴含着巨大的能源潜力,但遗憾的是,目前大部分光催化剂无法在该波段实现高效的光催化反应.根据理论预测,光分解水的转化效率有望随着催化剂响应太阳光波长范围的扩大而显著提高.因此,如何最大限度地利用太阳能,特别是近红外光区域的光能,开发高效的近红外光响应光催化全解水制氢催化剂,已成为当前能源、环境、化学工程领域研究的热点.本文综述了近红外光驱动全分解水光催化剂在材料设计和调控方面的最新进展,涉及窄带隙半导体、带隙工程、上转换效应、局域表面等离子体效应和光敏化作用等策略.首先,从热力学和动力学的角度分析了近红外光驱动全分解水的难点:对于大多数半导体而言,要实现近红外驱动全分解水不仅要求理论带隙窄于1.77 eV,而且必须超过水氧化还原分解电位(1.23 eV),同时由于存在电位损失和动力学过电位,实际的带隙结构应在1.6–2.4 eV,这对半导体的能带结构提出了较为苛刻的要求.此外,全分解水反应的可逆性、溶解氧的影响以及材料的光稳定性问题也是实现近红外光驱动全分解水的挑战.其次,总结了各方法制备的催化剂全分解水制氢的性能,分析了其近红外光子捕获方法的优缺点,特别指出了如何在每种方法的基础上进一步促进光生载流子的分离以及近红外光子的捕获能力(比如:负载贵金属单原子助催化剂、多种方法结合构筑多元复合体系以及光催化剂表面优化等).同时,强调了在近红外驱动全分解水过程中材料特征、催化性质与功能机理三者之间的关系.尤其是利用等离子体效应和光敏化作用来实现近红外光驱动全分解水的机理,目前尚不明确,需要结合理论计算以及先进的时空分辨仪器进一步研究电荷转移机制.另外,总结了全光谱响应的全分解水制氢光催化剂在材料设计和调控方面的最新进展,包括:光敏化作用的应用、带隙调控的策略、局域表面等离子体效应的研究,以及乌尔巴赫带尾吸收捕获技术的探索.最后,归纳并展望了未来近红外驱动全分解水光催化剂所面临的挑战与机遇.尽管近年来国内外学者们围绕着近红外驱动全分解水制氢光催化剂开展了系列研究工作,取得了一些突破性进展,但近红外驱动全分解水制氢效率仍然较低以及对于近红外响应光催化剂的设计和调控方面仍然面临着许多挑战.如何设计和开发廉价、稳定且高效的近红外驱动全分解水制氢光催化剂仍需进一步探索.因此,未来需要结合不同构筑方法的优势来加强近红外区的光捕获能力、实现多元复合材料界面间的精准调控、通过高端原位时空分辨仪器以及理论计算剖析近红外驱动全分解水的过程等方面对近红外响应光催化材料进行深入研究.

摘要：近红外(NIR)光驱动水分解产生氢气(H_(2))一直以来都是光催化领域备受关注的问题,但由于其动力学和热力学方面的缺陷,迄今为止仍是一项艰巨的挑战.为了突破这一限制,我们通过简便的水热法设计出了富含硫空位的无贵金属二维(2D)ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-基光催化剂,并首次使用单组分ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-基材料实现了波长大于800 nm的近红外驱动制氢性能.根据价带光谱、紫外-可见-近红外DRS光谱、稳态PL光谱、瞬态光电流响应和EPR表征,我们揭示了存在一个高效的Urbach带尾吸收用于捕获近红外光.硫空位在ZnIn_(2)S_(4)纳米片中的成功构建不仅扩展了光谱吸收范围,而且具有出色的载流子扩散特性和丰富的活性位点.因此,我们的研究结果可能会为未来开发近红外响应的ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-基光催化剂用于实现高效近红外驱动制氢提供一定的指导.

摘要：如何推动职业教育高质量发展,满足经济社会发展和人民群众需求?在全国两会召开之际,本刊邀约了部分两会代表委员畅谈职业教育发展。他(她)们从顶层设计到落地实施,从新质生产力发展、产教深度融合、现代职业教育体系建设、高技能人才培养、职教师资培养等角度,为建设教育强国,推进职普融通、产教融合、科教融汇,职业教育高质量发展建言献策。

摘要：With the significant discharge of antibiotic wastewater into the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, antibiotic pollution has become a serious problem and presents a hazardous risk to the environment. To address such issues, various investigations on the removal of antibiotics have been undertaken. Photocatalysis has received tremendous attention owing to its great potential in removing antibiotics from aqueous solutions via a green, economic, and effective process. However, such a technology employing traditional photocatalysts suffers from major drawbacks such as light absorption being restricted to the UV spectrum only and fast charge recombination. To overcome these issues, considerable effort has been directed towards the development of advanced visible light-driven photocatalysts. This mini review summarises recent research progress in the state-of-the-art design and fabrication of photocatalysts with visible-light response for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic wastewater. Such design strategies involve the doping of metal and non-metal into ultraviolet light-driven photocatalysts, development of new semiconductor photocatalysts, construction of heterojunction photocatalysts, and fabrication of surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photocatalytic systems. Additionally, some perspectives on the challenges and future developments in the area of photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics are provided.

摘要：为降低鱼类通过大中型泵站后的死亡率,维持生态系统的稳定,研究了一种应用在轴流泵中的叶片撞击数学模型,对某一轴流泵的鱼类通过性能进行了预测,包括叶片撞击概率、撞击死亡率和鱼类死亡率,分析得到设计工况点的鱼类死亡率理论上高达68%。以降低鱼类死亡率为主要目标,兼顾水力性能,通过考虑鱼损伤的关键因素,优化设计了3种方案的鱼友好型轴流泵,对比分析了3个方案的鱼类通过性能和水力性能。研究结果表明,方案1和方案2平均降低鱼类死亡率49%,方案3平均降低鱼类死亡率52%;3个方案在设计点扬程均可满足原型泵使用要求,其中修正叶片进口安放角的方案2效率最高,设计点效率低于原型泵约3%,方案3鱼类通过性能最佳,设计点效率低于原型泵约5%。

摘要：磁力泵在运行时经常发生导轴承失效问题,如果将导轴承承受的正压力降低,可以提高磁力泵运行的可靠性。该文首先介绍了设计磁力泵导轴承的基本方法,并以一种卧式磁力泵为模型,通过分析退磁曲线法获得的磁钢能量公式,给出了磁力泵转子在有轴向偏移时,磁力联轴器回复力的计算方法;在转子两端各加装一对异性磁化磁环,将外环预先偏置,产生对转子的托力,理论上托力可以完全平衡转子重量,并使得转子所承受的合力偶为零。研究说明,利用永磁磁环的作用力可以用来平衡转子重量,提高磁力泵导轴承寿命,方案可行。

摘要：为实现低比转速潜水排污泵高扬程、高效率、无过载性能的统一,该文对WQS150-48-37型低比转速潜水排污泵采用不同设计方法,经优化得出3种方案。应用Pro/E软件建模,结合Fluent软件对3种方案进行了多工况内部流场分析和性能预测,并与外特性试验结果对比。研究结果表明:采取增大叶片包角、减小出口角,控制流道扩散程度和增大蜗壳直径等方法可以得到满足高效率、高扬程、无过载要求的设计方案。其中,突破传统离心泵设计方法的新型通道式叶轮高效区范围更宽,扬程曲线陡降,无过载性能较好,可为高扬程无过载潜水排污泵的进一步优化设计提供参考依据。

摘要：以某典型前伸式双叶片环保用泵为研究对象,选择了其叶轮进口直径Dj、叶轮外径D2、叶片出口安放角β2b、叶片包角θ四个几何因素,第一阶段选用L9（34）正交表进行正交设计,设计出9副叶轮,对叶轮、蜗壳在内的前伸式双叶片环保用泵进行数值模拟,获得9组设计方案额定点的效率、扬程及功率,应用极差分析与多指标综合平衡法选出泵设计的最佳参数;第二阶段在正交试验确定的最佳条件附近安排二次回归通用旋转设计,得到30组设计方案,采用CFD进行计算,分析结果以建立效率与各因素的定量关系,再通过响应面法精确得出泵的最佳设计条件.结果发现：在给定范围内,对泵效率影响的顺序为β2b〉D2〉θ〉Dj;对于中高比转速的前伸式双叶片环保用泵,其叶片出口安放角应取β2b=15°~25°.