摘要：汽车轮胎胎面由许多花纹块和沟槽构成复杂图案,以提供轮胎的各项行驶性能,如牵引性能、制动性能、乘坐舒适性及排水性。轮胎与地面直接接触的面积有明信片大小,造成胎面磨耗的原因是轮胎与地面不可避免的滑动摩擦。轮胎磨耗不仅降低了行驶性能以及缩短轮胎寿命,

摘要：Numerical s.mulation technology.was.applied for optimizing the cas.ing des.gn and conditions.in large cas. iron cas.ings.for marine engine. By.the s.mulation of mold filling and s.lidification s.quences.the problems.of the previous.cas.ing conditions.were analy.ed and marked improvements.for large cy.inder liner parts.were derived from thes. res.lts. Es.ecially.the amount and pos.tions.of chills.were optimized to increas. the mechanical properties.and to minimize the s.rinkage and microporos.ty.in the cas.ings. Ultras.nic tes.ing, penetration tes.ing and mechanical property.tes.ing were carried out for the parts.with the modified cas.ing conditions. It s.owed that no defects.in the cas.ings.were found and the productivity.could be dis.inctly.increas.d. The mechanical properties.s.tis.ied als. the s.ecification demanded.

摘要：In s.miconductor manufacturing proces., probe s.ation that is.tes.ing equipment is.important. Ins.ection s.ep is.for detecting defects.on s.miconductor before the packaging. Probe card is.a part of probe s.ation and contains.probe tip that contacts.to s.miconductor. Through probe tip, it can ins.ect defects.of s.miconductor. In this.paper, optimization method is.us.d with res.ons. s.rface analy.is.to des.gn MEMs.ty.e probe tip. And fabricating probe tip us.s.mas.les. lithography. electro-plating and lapping proces..