摘要：In the past few decades,robotics research has witnessed an increasingly high interest in miniaturized,intelligent,and integrated *** imperative component of a robot is the actuator that determines its *** traditional rigid drives such as motors and gas engines have shown great prevalence in most macroscale circumstances,the reduction of these drives to the millimeter or even lower scale results in a significant increase in manufacturing difficulty accompanied by a remarkable performance *** robots driven by living cells can be a potential solution to overcome these drawbacks by benefiting from the intrinsic microscale self-assembly of living tissues and high energy efficiency,which,among other unprecedented properties,also feature flexibility,self-repair,and even multiple degrees of *** paper systematically reviews the development of biohybrid ***,the development of biological flexible drivers is introduced while emphasizing on their advantages over traditional ***,up-to-date works regarding biohybrid robots are reviewed in detail from three aspects:biological driving sources,actuator materials,and structures with associated control ***,the potential future applications and major challenges of biohybrid robots are explored.

摘要：Owing to their excellent mechanical flexibility, electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility, conductive hydrogels(CHs) are widely used in the fields of energy and power, and biomedical technology. To arrive at a better understanding of the design methods and development trends of CHs, this paper summarizes and analyzes related research published in recent years. First,we describe the properties and characteristics of CHs. Using Scopus, the world’s largest abstract and citation database, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the related literature from the past 15 years and summarized development trends in the field of CHs. Second, we describe the types of CH network crosslinking and basic functional design methods and summarize the three-dimensional(3D) structure-forming methods and conductive performance tests of CHs. In addition, we introduce applications of CHs in the fields of energy and power, biomedical technology, and others. Lastly, we discuss several problems in current CH research and introduce some prospects for the future development of CHs.

摘要：基于活性生物组织的肌肉驱动机器人由活细胞与传统机电系统深度融合,在毫米尺度下相比于传统的刚性驱动机器人及新兴的非生物柔性材料驱动具备微尺度、功率密度高、生物相容性等优点。因此,它们可在生物医学、战场侦察等领域发挥重大作用,引起了科学家们的广泛兴趣。为使更多研究人员了解肌肉驱动机器人的研究进展、潜在的应用、面临的挑战及解决措施,将对其进行总结讨论。首先,对活细胞来源的肌肉组织结构及驱动机理进行叙述。以此为基础,对由活细胞与非生物柔性材料所构成的人工生物肌肉驱动机器人及由活体直接得到的真实生物肌肉驱动机器人两种设计思路进行归纳,并对肌肉驱动机器人的不同控制策略及其优缺点进行系统总结。最后,对其潜在应用及所面临的主要挑战进行讨论与总结,并提出相应的可能解决方案,可为后续肌肉驱动机器人的发展与性能提升提供指导。