摘要：With the ever-pressing issues of global energy demand and environmental pollution,molecular hydrogen has been receiving increasing attention as a clean alternative energy *** hydrogen production,the design and development of high-performance catalysts remains rather *** the compositions and structures of catalyst interfaces have paramount influences on the catalytic performances,the central topic here has always been to design and engineer the interface structures via rational routes so as to boost the activities and stabilities of electrocatalysts on hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Here in this review,we focus on the design and preparation of multi-scale catalysts specifically catering to HER *** start from the design and structure-activity relationship of catalytic nanostructures,summarize the research progresses related to HER nanocatalysts,and interpret their high activities from the atomistic perspective;then,we review the studies regarding the design,preparation,HER applications and structure-activity relationship of single-atom site catalysts(SASCs),and thereupon discuss the future directions in designing HER-oriented *** the end of this review,we present an outlook on the development trends and faced challenges of catalysts for electrochemical HER.

摘要：Electrocatalysis is key to improving energy efficiency,reducing carbon emissions,and providing a sustainable way of meeting global energy ***,elucidating electrochemical reaction mechanisms at the electrolyte/electrode interfaces is essential for developing advanced renewable energy ***,the direct probing of real-time interfacial changes,i.e.,the surface intermediates,chemical environment,and electronic structure,under operating conditions is challenging and necessitates the use of in situ ***,we present a new lab-based instrument commissioned to perform in situ chemical analysis at liquid/solid interfaces using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(APXPS).This setup takes advantage of a chromium source of tender X-rays and is designed to study liquid/solid interfaces by the“dip and pull”*** of the main components was carefully described,and the results of performance tests are *** a three-electrode setup,the system can probe the intermediate species and potential shifts across the liquid electrolyte/solid electrode *** addition,we demonstrate how this system allows the study of interfacial changes at gas/solid interfaces using a case study:a sodium–oxygen model ***,the use of APXPS in electrochemical studies is still in the early stages,so we summarize the current challenges and some developmental *** the challenges,we expect that joint efforts to improve instruments and the electrochemical setup will enable us to obtain a better understanding of the composition–reactivity relationship at electrochemical interfaces under realistic reaction conditions.

摘要：室内测量土-水特征曲线(soil-water characteristic curve,简称SWCC)往往需要很长的平衡时间,而实际土体的变化可能并不满足平衡时间要求。当时间尺度较小时,SWCC可能未达到平衡,此时如果仍采用平衡条件下土-水特征曲线来建立非饱和土的方程,就会产生误差。为此,研究了在非平衡条件下土-水特征曲线的动态效应,基于现有理论给出了土-水特征曲线参数与饱和度变化率的关系,并利用动态参数建立了动态毛细滞回模型。自主设计SWCC快速测量装置,针对粗砂和细砂开展了不同饱和度变化率情况下的土-水特征曲线测定试验。试验研究表明:(1)土-水特征曲线参数具有明显的动态效应;(2)进气值和残余饱和度并非定值,随饱和度变化率的不同有所改变;(3)利用试验结果对模型进行了验证,动态模型的预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,说明了该模型的合理性。本研究为解决非饱和土变形、强度和渗流问题提供了更加贴合实际的理论基础。

摘要：新兴污染物因具有环境持久性、生物累积性、生物毒性以及在环境中痕量存在等特点而备受全球众多国家关注。因此,对环境、食品以及生物样品中的新兴污染物进行高灵敏检测至关重要。传统样品前处理技术存在耗时长、吸附剂用量大,以及对不稳定污染物的分析准确性差等缺点,因此,亟需开发设计具有高选择性、高传质效率的新型材料作为前处理技术的吸附剂,以实现新兴污染物的高选择、高灵敏检测。共价有机骨架材料(COFs),特别是功能化的COFs材料,因具有比表面积大、结构可设计、稳定且构筑基元丰富等诸多优点而被广泛用于新兴污染物的富集。该文主要综述了近年来功能化COFs材料的合成策略及其作为样品前处理吸附剂在环境、食品和生物样品中新兴污染物中的分析应用,并对该类材料的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

摘要：本文以单机容量为400 MW的阳江抽水蓄能电站为研究对象,首先简明概述了抽水蓄能的作用以及电站的基本状况,随后详细介绍了其励磁系统设计及组成,探讨比较抽水蓄能发电机组励磁系统与常规水力发电机组励磁系统在设备配置、功能设计以及信号接口方面的特殊差异。经过现场实际试验验证,对比国家、行业相关标准,结果表明阳江抽水蓄能电站励磁系统的设计和性能能够满足抽蓄机组的运行要求。可为大型抽蓄电站励磁系统的设计提供有价值的参考和指导,对于优化和完善抽蓄电站励磁系统具有重要的理论和实践意义。

摘要：磷酸镍锂(LiNiPO_(4))是一种具有5.1 V高电压平台的橄榄石类锂离子电池正极材料,由于较低的电导率和实际放电比容量限制了其实际应用。为了制备纯相LiNiPO_(4),考察了不同摩尔比表面活性剂油胺对LiNiPO_(4)的影响,油胺添加摩尔比[n(油胺)∶n(金属)]为10∶1制备的材料结晶度最佳,经过煅烧工艺参数优化成功获得纯相LiNiPO_(4)。为了改善LiNiPO_(4)的电化学性能,首次采用乙基纤维素为碳源制备的掺有Fe摩尔分数为6%的LiFe_(0.06)Ni_(0.94)PO_(4)/C并将其电化学性能与纯相LiNiPO_(4)进行比较,结果表明,采用乙基纤维素制备的LiFe_(0.06)Ni_(0.94)PO_(4)/C具有更大的初始放电比容量、更小的电荷转移电阻,其中10%乙基纤维素添加量的样品电化学性能最佳。

摘要：锂离子电池在高电压下会导致严重的电解液分解以及不稳定的正极与电解质界面问题,严重制约高电压正极材料的商业化.粘结剂不仅可以将正极活性材料和导电炭紧密粘结在集流体上,还对构建电解质与正极之间的多尺度相容性界面起积极作用,因此,粘结剂的优化可以有效解决上述难题.本文提出了高电压锂离子电池正极粘结剂需具备的必要条件,如:粘结性能和机械性能优异,具有出色的电化学稳定性和热力学稳定性以及良好的离子和电子传输能力等.综述了近些年来高电压正极粘结剂的研究及发展现状,通过天然粘结剂和合成粘结剂对目前已报道的高电压粘结剂进行了评述,介绍了各种粘结剂对电极的粘结性能和包覆以及对锂离子电池性能的影响机制,重点阐述了粘结剂分子结构中的极性基团与活性物质间的相互作用,如氢键和离子-偶极相互作用,并讨论了设计开发高电压正极粘结剂的途径以及展望了高电压正极粘结剂的发展前景.

摘要：混合教学作为在线学习的常态化路径,在自主学习阶段面临学习者认知投入不足的困扰。概念图能够通过帮助学习者在学习过程中有意识地从学习材料中提取新信息并与已有知识建立连接以促进认知投入。因此,围绕概念图工具在混合教学自主学习阶段的应用问题,本研究基于ICAP (Interactive,Constructive, Active, and Passive)学习方式分类学理论、有意义学习理论和活动理论双驱动认知投入干预策略,设计了指向交互建构的学习活动流程和促进有意义交互的学习策略。学习活动流程设计引导学习者在自主学习阶段从参与被动学习活动向参与交互学习活动发展;学习策略设计为学习者参与建构类和交互类学习活动过程提供可操作性的认知策略,确保在自主学习的过程中有意义交互的发生。同时,通过准实验研究验证基于干预策略的混合教学的有效性。实验结果表明,基于干预策略的混合教学对于学习者知识水平以及以元认知意识和沟通能力为代表的高阶思维能力具有促进作用。

摘要：There are many problems when traditional temperature sensing radio frequency identification(RFID) tags are applied to logistics temperature monitoring, such as inconvenient data reading, large power consumption, and low bandwidth. Therefore, a low-dissipation electronic tag is designed in this paper to solve the above problems. The electronic tag and the portable temperature recorder were placed in the same position in the same refrigeration unit, and the temperature of the same space was recorded at the same time. The data measured by the designed electronic tag was used as the measured value, and the data measured by the portable temperature recorder was used as the standard value. The correlation coefficient between the two was calculated to be 0.866 9, the root mean square error(RMSE) was 0.796 7 ℃, and the average relative deviation(ARD) was 16.21%. Therefore, the electronic tag designed in this study can meet the requirements of users for temperature monitoring and recording. The temperature control switch designed in this study can disconnect the power supply to single chip microcomputer(SCM) and other modules when the temperature is in the range of normal threshold, so that the power consumption is further reduced and the cost is reduced. The results of this study laid a foundation for the development of low-cost and easy-to-use temperature monitoring technology in the logistics process.

摘要：完形心理学应用于广告创意,会使广告产生与众不同的效果,能够提高广告的科学性和艺术性。分解"完整形"、省略"部分形"、留出"空白形"三种策略既可以单独应用又可以有机结合,目的是满足广告受众的心理要求。