摘要：Background:Cross-sectional studies provide useful insight about the associations between the built environment and physical activity(PA),particularly when reasons for neighborhood choice are *** study analyzed the relationship between levels of weekly transportation and leisure PA among 3 neighborhood designs,statistically adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and reasons for neighborhood ***:A stratified random sample of adults(age>20 years)living in Calgary(Canada)neighborhoods with different neighborhood designs(grid,warped-grid,and curvilinear)and socioeconomic status completed a self-administered questionnaire capturing PA,sociodemographic characteristics,and reasons for neighborhood choice(response rate=10.1%;n=1023).Generalized linear models estimated associations between neighborhood design and transportation and leisure PA outcomes(participation(any ***)and volume(metabolic equivalent:h/week)),adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic status,sociodemographic characteristics(gender,age,ethnicity,education,household income,marital status,children,vehicle access,dog ownership,and injury),and reasons for neighborhood choice(e.g.,proximity and quality of recreational and utilitarian destinations,proximity to work,highway access,aesthetics,and sense of community).Results:Overall,854 participants had resided in their neighborhood for at least 12 months and provided complete *** with those living in curvilinear neighborhoods,grid neighborhood participants had greater odds(p<0.05)of participating in any transportation walking(odds ratio(OR)=2.17),transportation and leisure cycling(OR=2.39 and OR=1.70),active transportation(OR=2.16),and high-intensity leisure PA(≥6 metabolic equivalent;OR=1.74),*** were no neighborhood differences in the volume of any transportation or leisure PA *** for neighborhood selection had minimal impact on the statistical or practical importance of model estimates.C

摘要：Presenilins(PSs)are the catalytic core of γ-secretase ***,the mechanism of FAD-associated PS mutations in AD pathogenesis still remains *** we review the general biology and mechanism of γ-secretase and focus on the catalytic components–presenilins and their biological functions and contributions to the AD *** functions of presenilins are divided into γ-secretase dependent and γ-secretase independent *** γ-secretase dependent functions of presenilins are exemplified by the sequential cleavages in the processing of APP and Notch;the γ-secretase independent functions of presenilins include stabilizing β-catenin in Wnt signaling pathway,regulating calcium homeostasis and their interaction with synaptic transmission.

摘要：实施科学是一门研究方法的学科,旨在实践和政策中促进循证干预措施的系统实施,进而改善健康。尽管实施研究需要高质量的证据,但实施策略的随机试验往往存在较为严重的局限性。这些局限性包括存在偏倚风险、缺乏理论运用、缺乏描述实施策略标准术语、局限于实施结局以及不充分报告。本文旨在对实施策略随机试验的设计、实施和报告提供指导,以提升循证实施科学。由研究人员、卫生政策制订者和实践者组成的国际小组整合了构建随机试验方法的重要文献和实施科学的最新进展。本文为实施策略随机试验的主要内容提供指导,包括试验目的阐明、试验中人员招募和保留策略、随机设计的选择、实施科学理论和框架的使用、测量(结局指标)、样本量计算、伦理审查和试验报告。本文也关注了实施试验中需要特别重视或调整的主题。为了推进实施策略随机试验的严格开展和报告,我们建议将本指南作为研究人员、卫生保健和公共卫生政策制订者或实践者、研究资助者和期刊编辑的参考资料。

摘要：目的了解儿科医护人员对临床研究伦理审查申报的认知和需求。方法自行设计调查问卷,内容包括一般资料、所在医院医学伦理审查委员会信息以及对伦理审查的需求共3个方面23个问题。应用百度在线调查服务器制作在线点击的网络问卷,设定调查样本量为200位儿科医护人员,由参与调查者采用匿名、自愿完成在线调查问卷并点击回复。采用SPSS20. 0软件对数据进行Logistic回归分析等统计学分析。结果共收回有效问卷198份。参与本问卷调查的医护人员多数有主持科研课题(112/198)和伦理审查申报经历(100/112)。所在医院大多设立了IRB(168/198),但很少获得资质认证。儿科医护人员对IRB需求程度最高的为需要伦理专家的咨询服务、对研究对象补偿的界定、定期进行伦理审查申报辅导。大多不认为IRB是个找麻烦的机构、不同意IRB以收费方式保证审批速度。研究生和新生儿科医护更需要伦理专家的咨询服务;认为IRB是个找麻烦的机构的危险因素是护士、新生儿科医护、课题级别低、IRB审批时间需要8周以上; IRB审批时间需要8周以上是需要专业人员代办申报事宜、需要定期进行伦理审查申报辅导的危险因素;所在医院IRB有专职工作人员能显著降低伦理审查申报纸质文档写作难度、申报时集中答辩的难度和受试者知情同意书写作难度。结论大多数医院设立了IRB,但很少获得资质认证。儿科医护人员对临床研究伦理审查已有较好的认知,迫切需求伦理专家的咨询服务、界定对研究对象的补偿和定期进行伦理审查申报辅导。大多不同意IRB以收费方式保证审批速度。IRB审批时间最好小于8周。

摘要：目的 对应用选择性环氧酶2(COX 2)抑制剂和非选择性的非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)的老年患者上消化道出血的比率进行比较。 设计 观察性队列研究。 设置 利用来自加拿大安大略2000年4月17日～2001年3月31日的官方数据,以确认基于人群的、初次使用NSAID的队列患者。 对象 年龄≥66岁,开始服用非选择性NSAIDs(n=5391)、双氯芬酸(diclofenac)加米索前列醇(misoprostol)(n=5087)、罗非昔布(rofecoxib)(n=14 583)或塞来昔布(celecoxib)(n=18 908),以及随机选择的没有服用NSAIDs的对照组(n=100 000)。 衡量结局的主要指标 每个药物组因上消化道出血入院的比值比(经过调整潜在的混杂因子)。 结果 与对照组相比,多变量模型表明,在服用非选择性NSAIDs(调整比值比为4.0,95％,可信区间为2.3～6.9,)、双氯芬酸加米索前列醇(3.0,1.7～5.6)以及罗非昔布(1.9,1.3～2.8)时,上消化道出血的短期危险性是增加的,而塞来昔布并没有增加(1.0,0.7～1.6)。与塞来昔布相比,非选择性的NSAIDs(4.4,2.3～8.5)、双氯芬酸加 米索前列醇(3.2,1.6—6.5)以及罗非昔布(1.9,1.2～2.8)的上消化道出血危险性显著增加。与罗非昔布相比,非选择性NSAIDs的上消化道出血危险性显著增加(1.9,1.0～3.5)。 结论 选择性COX