摘要：As of May 1, 2017, 74 antibody-based molecules have been approved by a regulatory authority in a major market. Additionally, there are 70 and 575 antibody- based molecules in phase III and phase 1/11 clinical trials, respectively. These total 719 antibody-based clinical stage molecules include 493 naked IgGs, 87 antibody- drug conjugates, 61 bispecific antibodies, 37 total Fc fusion proteins, 17 radioimmunoglobulins, 13 antibody fragments, and 11 immunocytokines. New uses for these antibodies are being discovered each year. For oncol- ogy, many of the exciting new approaches involve anti- body modulation of T-cells. There are over 80 antibodies in clinical trials targeting T cell checkpoints, 26 T-cell- redirected bispecific antibodies, and 145 chimeric anti- gen receptor （CAR） cell-based candidates （all currently in phase I or II clinical trials）, totaling more than 250 T cell interacting clinical stage antibody-based candi- dates. Finally, significant progress has been made recently on routes of delivery, including delivery of proteins across the blood-brain barrier, oral delivery to the gut, delivery to the cellular cytosol, and gene- and viral-based delivery of antibodies. Thus, there are cur- rently at least 864 antibody-based clinical stage mole- cules or cells, with incredible diversity in how they are constructed and what activities they impart. These are followed by a next wave of novel molecules, approa- ches, and new methods and routes of delivery, demon- strating that the field of antibody-based biologics is very innovative and diverse in its approaches to fulfill their promise to treat unmet medical needs.

摘要：Antibodies have proved to be a valuable mode of ther- apy for numerous diseases, mainly owing to their high target binding affinity and specificity. Unfortunately, antibodies are also limited in several respects, chief amongst those being the extremely high cost of manu- facture. Therefore, non-antibody binding proteins have long been sought after as alternative therapies. New binding protein scaffolds are constantly being designed or discovered with some already approved for human use by the FDA. This review focuses on protein scaf- folds that are either already being used in humans or are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Although not all are expected to be approved, the significant benefits ensure that these molecules will continue to be investi- gated and developed as therapeutic alternatives to antibodies. Based on the location of the amino acids that mediate ligand binding, we place all the protein scaffolds under clinical development into two general categories： scaffolds with ligand-binding residues located in exposed flexible loops, and those with the binding residues located in protein secondary struc- tures, such as a-helices. Scaffolds that fall under the first category include adnectins, anticalins, avimers, Fynomers, Kunitz domains, and knottins, while those belonging to the second category include affibodies, 13-hairpin mimetics, and designed ankyrin repeat pro- teins （DARPins）. Most of these scaffolds are ther- mostable and can be easily produced in microorganisms or completely synthesized chemically. In addition, many of these scaffolds derive from human proteins and thus possess very low immunogenic potential. Additional advantages and limitations of these protein scaffolds as therapeutics compared to antibod- ies will be discussed.

摘要：Objective The migrant population is a vulnerable group for HIV infection in *** potential epidemic trends among migrants is critical for developing HIV preventative measures in this *** The Estimation and Projection Package （EPP） model was used to process prefecture and county-level surveillance data to generate HIV prevalence and epidemic trends for migrant populations in *** The prevalence of HIV among migrants in 2009 was estimated at 0.075% （95% CI：0.042%,0.108%） in *** HIV epidemic among migrants is likely to increase over the next 5 years,with the prevalence expected to reach 0.110% （95% CI：0.070%,0.150%） by *** Although the 2009 estimates for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China indicate a slower rate of increase compared with the national HIV/AIDS epidemic,it is estimated to persistently increase among migrants over the next 5 *** will have a strong impact on the overall future of the HIV epidemic trend in China and evidence-based prevention and monitoring efforts should be expanded for this vulnerable population.

摘要：随着对诊断决策要求的提高,传感器证实已经逐渐成为机电设计状态检测和诊断系统中不可忽视的技术。通过对研究方法的调研和总结,考虑到在BIT系统中应用的特点及需求,研究采用基于知识模型冗余的传感器证实技术以实现更好的实时性。研究了基于传感器因果网络模型的传感器证实算法,实现对网络中节点和链接间相关信息的融合,以得到准确的证实结果,并在实例应用中验证了方法的有效性。

摘要：数字化变电站普遍采用基于IEC 61850标准的通信网络,因此在数字化变电站实现继电保护远程校验具有技术上的可行性和经济上的必要性。文中提出了通过在间隔层设立专门的远程校验控制单元和改造合并单元,来实现继电保护远程校验的设计方案,并进行了模拟实验。最后,对继电保护远程校验的实际应用和步骤提出了建议。

摘要：目的:描述纽约市结核病控制局(BTBC)的工作人员经过3年努力,探索与病人管理(CM)中存在的不足的相关因素,并改善CM的实施。设计:评估2003年第2季度报告的TB病例的管理情况,并与2002年进行的类似评估进行比较。在需要改进的目标领域实施相应的策略,并找出有助于改进工作的干预措施。结果:从2002年至2003年,病例管理的某些指标有了很大提高,如对病人进行直接面视下治疗重要性(32%vs.74%)、每月随访重要性(24% vs.51%)和发展为耐药的潜在可能性的宣教(36%vs.61%)。告知病人获得BTBC所提供的医疗服务的指标也提高了(16%vs.59%);然而, CM活动的文件记录、及时性以及督导活动的实施仍然较差。督导员们把主要原因归咎于对实际开展工作的不完善文件记录。结论:通过评估,发现了病人管理以及规划督导中的不足。这些发现将用于调整工作计划、制定有针对性的干预措施、加强教育和培训,以改进工作实施。

摘要：目的中国目前正在经历老年人口与交通车辆的同时快速增长。随着人口的老龄化加剧以及社会的发展,老年驾驶者人数将预期明显增加。国际上对老年人交通安全的经验可能对中国即将增加的老年驾驶者有借鉴作用。方法检索并分析了中国以及一些发达国家,如美国等有关老年驾驶者以及交通事故安全的论文及论著。结果尽管老年人较少开车且普遍地使用安全带,但他们交通事故发生数以及死亡率较其他年龄组高。老年人视觉以及感知功能的损害也增加了发生交通事故的危险性,同时也产生了其独特的事故形式。与年轻人相比,在相同的受伤程度下,老年人体格上的衰退和疾病因素可能对会产生更坏的结果。虽然老年驾驶者在中国还是少数,与其他年龄组相比,老年人有较高的交通事故伤害率、步行者死亡率和较高的农村老年人受害率。结论国际上对老年人交通安全的经验,比如更好的道路安全设计,高可视安全标识和安全带法律的实施,安全带使用的公共教育,以及老年驾驶证的更新等对中国的交通安全设计者以及法律的制定者可能会有帮助。这些经验对损伤预防研究者在老年人交通事故危险因素的识别方面,以及对工程师在驾驶环境和车辆设计等方面也有着重要的意义。

摘要：能源和自然资源领域的决策会对公众健康造成影响。本文分析了该领域开展的健康影响评估(HIAs)的特点,并对其实施效果进行了评价。根据有针对性的文献搜索结果,截至2016年美国14个州在能源和自然资源领域总共完成了30次HIAs。本文选择了其中五个具有代表性的HIAs进行分析,这五个案例来源不同,所属部门和类别不同,但是都对决策过程产生过一定的影响。本文采用了一个既有的概念框架(即维斯马框架)来评估这五个选定的HIAs在不可再生能源、可再生能源、采矿和节能相关的决策方面起到的作用。能源和自然资源部门已开展的30次HIAs涉及各类项目,其中对健康影响的评估内容也很宽泛,从代谢紊乱到社区宜居性都有所涉猎。这30份报告中有8份已纳入环境影响评价的内容。本研究所选定的5个HIAs对项目决策都起到了一定的作用,并且提高了人们对被评估项目可能造成的健康影响的认识。这其中有4个还产生了直接的效果,最终导致了项目决策的变更。这些HIAs产生的不同效果不仅与社区参与的程度和对公平的考量有关,而且与HIA评估过程中细节的差异、监测和评估计划的差异,以及监测和评估的结果是否被公示有关。

摘要：背景:某县级拘留所。　目标:描述结核感染者的治疗特点,在某县级拘留所囚犯中比较利福平/吡嗪酰胺2个月方案与传统6-12个月异烟肼方案对完成治疗的影响。　设计:回顾性查阅1998年1月至2000年12月的结核病登记资料。　结果:在2127名结核菌素试验阳性的囚犯中,146人开始抗结核治疗。这些病人刑期长,能在狱中完成整个疗程。2个月治疗方案的治疗完成率为88%(67/76)6-12个月治疗方案的治疗完成率为74%(51/69)(P=0.03),总治疗完成率为82%。病人对这两种治疗方案的接受程度相似,但是接受异烟肼治疗的囚犯获释的可能性更大(尽管其刑期较长),这些人一旦回到社区就容易中止治疗。按照原来的指南,37%的病人不必接受治疗,而根据新的指南,这些病人则应当接受治疗。　结论:2个月利福平/吡嗪酰胺方案的治疗完成率比疗程较长的异烟肼方案高,也没有更多的的毒性作用,从而可以应用于更多的病人。以能在监狱里完成治疗方案的囚犯为目标人群的结核感染者化学疗法实现了高治疗完成率。