摘要：This paper deals with the concurrent multi-scale optimization design of frame structure composed of glass or carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates. In the composite frame structure, the fiber winding angle at the micro-material scale and the geometrical parameter of components of the frame in the macro-structural scale are introduced as the independent variables on the two geometrical scales. Considering manufacturing requirements, discrete fiber winding angles are specified for the micro design variable. The improved Heaviside penalization discrete material optimization interpolation scheme has been applied to achieve the discrete optimization design of the fiber winding angle. An optimization model based on the minimum structural compliance and the specified fiber material volume constraint has been established. The sensitivity information about the two geometrical scales design variables are also deduced considering the characteristics of discrete fiber winding angles. The optimization results of the fiber winding angle or the macro structural topology on the two single geometrical scales, together with the concurrent two-scale optimization, is separately studied and compared in the paper. Numerical examples in the paper show that the concurrent multi-scale optimization can further explore the coupling effect between the macro-structure and micro-material of the composite to achieve an ultralight design of the composite frame structure. The novel two geometrical scales optimization model provides a new opportunity for the design of composite structure in aerospace and other industries.

摘要：Semiconductor heterostructures mediated by electrical conductors are very promising for Z-scheme photocatalytic water *** contrast to conventional particulate heterostructures,alternate TiO_(2)and Cu_(2)O film stripes patterned parallel on a fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO) conductive substrate was fabricated as a model film photocatalyst to study the characteristics of the photogenerated charge transfer *** Z-scheme transfer process with an effective transport distance of up to 5 μm occurs only in regions distant from the TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O strip edges through the FTO substrate from the *** contrast,the transfer of charge around their contact regions follows the conventional transfer process through the TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O strip *** results indicate that the Z-scheme transfer process occurring in such a large region dominates the charge transfer processes in the TiO_(2)/FTO/Cu_(2)O pattern film ***,unlike the single component film,which is inactive for photocatalytic overall water splitting,the modified TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O pattern film can induce photocatalytic overall water splitting at a stoichiometric H_(2)/O_(2) ratio close to 2:*** findings have significant implications in designing efficient heterostructures by employing a Z-scheme charge transfer process.