摘要：The emerging plant synthetic metabolic engineering has been exhibiting great promise to produce either value-added metabolitesor therapeutic proteins. However, promoters for plant pathway engineering are generally selected empirically. The quantitativecharacterization of plant-based promoters is essential for optimal control of gene expression in plant chassis. Here, we used *** leaves and BY2 suspension cells to quantitatively characterize a library of plant promoters by transient expressionof firefly/Renilla luciferase. We validated the dual-luciferase reporter system by examining the correlation between reporterprotein and mRNA levels. In addition, we investigated the effects of terminator–promoter combinations on gene expressionand found that the combinations of promoters and terminators resulted in a 326-fold difference between the strongest andweakest performance, as reflected in reporter gene expression. As a proof of concept, we used the quantitatively characterizedpromoters to engineer the betalain pathway in N. benthamiana. Seven selected plant promoters with different expressionstrengths were used orthogonally to express CYP76AD1 and DODA, resulting in a final betalain production range of 6.0–362.4 μg/g fresh weight. Our systematic approach not only demonstrates the various intensities of multiple promoter sequencesin N. benthamiana and BY2 cells but also adds to the toolbox of plant promoters for plant engineering.

摘要：Metasurfaces provide a potent platform for the dynamic manipulation of electromagnetic *** with phase-change materials,they facilitate the creation of versatile metadevices,showcasing various tunable functions based on the transition between amorphous and crystalline ***,the inherent limitation in tunable states imposes constraints on the multiplexing channels of ***,this paper introduces a novel approach-a multi-functional metadevice achieved through the two-level control of the encoding phasechange *** the phase-change material Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Se_(4)Te1(GSST)and high refractive-index liquid diiodomethane(CH_(2)I_(2)),this paper showcases precise control over electromagnetic wave *** GSST state governs the tunable function,switching it ON and OFF,while the presence of liquid in the hole dictates the deflection angle when the tunable function is ***,our tunable coding metasurface exhibits robust performance across a broad wavelength *** incorporation of high refractive-index liquid extends the regulatory dimension of the metadevice,enabling dynamic switching of encoding bit *** two-level tunable metadevice,rooted in phase-change materials,presents a promising avenue for the dynamic control of functions.

摘要：The achievement of electrical spin control is highly *** promising strategy involves electrically mod-ulating the Rashba spin orbital coupling effect in materials.A semiconductor with high sensitivity in its Rashba constant to external electric fields holds great potential for short channel lengths in spin field-effect transistors,which is crucial for preserving spin coherence and enhancing integration ***,two-dimensional(2D)Rashba semiconductors with large Rashba constants and significant electric field responses are highly ***,by employing first-principles calculations,we design a thermodynamically stable 2D Rashba semiconductor,YSbTe_(3),which possesses an indirect band gap of 1.04 eV,a large Rashba constant of 1.54 eV·Åand a strong electric field response of up to 4.80 e·Å^(2).In particular,the Rashba constant dependence on the electric field shows an unusual nonlinear *** the same time,YSbTe_(3)has been identified as a 2D ferroelectric material with a moderate polarization switching energy barrier(~0.33 eV per formula).By changing the electric polarization direction,the Rashba spin texture of YSbTe_(3)can be *** out-standing properties make the ferroelectric Rashba semiconductor YSbTe_(3)quite promising for spintronic applications.

摘要：Spiking neural network,inspired by the human brain,consisting of spiking neurons and plastic synapses,is a promising solution for highly efficient data processing in neuromorphic ***,memristor-based neurons and synapses are becoming intriguing candidates to build spiking neural networks in hardware,owing to the close resemblance between their device dynamics and the biological ***,the functionalities of memristor-based neurons are currently very limited,and a hardware demonstration of fully memristor-based spiking neural networks supporting in-situ learning is very ***,a hybrid spiking neuron combining a memristor with simple digital circuits is designed and implemented in hardware to enhance neuron *** hybrid neuron with memristive dynamics not only realizes the basic leaky integrate-and-fire neuron function but also enables the in-situ tuning of the connected synaptic ***,a fully hardware spiking neural network with the hybrid neurons and memristive synapses is experimentally demonstrated for the first time,and in-situ Hebbian learning is achieved with this *** work opens up a way towards the implementation of spiking neurons,supporting in-situ learning for future neuromorphic computing systems.

摘要：新型冠状病毒感染引起的新冠肺炎传播已经导致了全世界数百万人的死亡。因此,深入了解新冠病毒的生物学基础对研发控制其传播的新手段至关重要。新冠病毒的核衣壳蛋白(N蛋白)是一个重要的诊断和治疗靶点,它在病毒生命周期中具有多种重要功能。目前已有多个关于新冠病毒N蛋白的结构与功能方面的研究报道。本综述总结了这个进化上高度保守的N蛋白的最新数据,以期提供有关该蛋白的结构和多种功能特征的全面信息。

摘要：近年来,固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)作为一种高效的电化学能量转换装置,由于其大电流密度、高法拉第效率和高能量效率受到广泛的关注。阳极析氧反应(OER)是SOEC中重要的电极反应,涉及四电子转移过程,反应动力学缓慢,在电解过程中阳极极化电阻较大且能耗高。因此,设计高效稳定的阳极材料对提高SOEC性能及推动SOEC实际应用至关重要。近年来,高性能阳极研究取得了一系列进展。在本综述中,重点介绍了CO_(2)和H_(2)O电解的反应机理,总结了不同类型阳极材料的物理化学和电化学性能,讨论了各种有效的阳极优化策略。此外,还对SOEC的未来研究进行了展望。这对阳极材料的发展和SOEC的实际应用有一定的指导意义。

摘要：开发高性能、低成本的氧析出反应(OER)电催化剂是促进质子交换膜水电解(PEMWE)制氢规模化应用的关键。迄今为止,OER催化剂的最佳选项仍为贵金属铱(Ir),但其仍存在活性不足和储量稀缺的问题,进而增加了材料成本和电力成本。因此,开发低Ir载量、高活性和稳定性间距,且能够满足PEMWE设备中大电流密度和长期运行要求的OER催化剂是十分必要的。这些目标的实现需要深入理解酸性OER机制、明晰材料设计方法,并建立可靠的性能评估指标(特别是对耐久性的评估)。综上,本文首先系统总结了目前被广泛接受的酸性OER活性表达机制(即吸附析出机制、晶格氧氧化机制和多活性中心机制)和失活机制(即活性物种溶解、晶相和形态演化、催化剂脱落和活性位点阻塞),为催化剂的微观结构设计提供指导。其次,我们讨论了最近报道的几类低铱OER催化剂,包括多金属合金氧化物、负载型催化剂、具有特殊空间结构的催化剂和单位点催化剂,并重点描述低Ir催化剂中的性能如何得以调控以及其中潜在的构效关系。随后,我们介绍了常用的催化剂稳定性评价指标、催化剂失活表征技术以及模拟PEMWE实际操作条件的催化剂寿命测试方法,希望为催化剂筛选提供依据。最后,针对未来可用于PEMWE体系的低铱OER催化剂的探索提出了一些可行建议。

摘要：碱性介质中的氧还原反应是金属-空气电池和阴离子交换膜燃料电池的重要电化学过程。但是,其动力学缓慢,因而引起了对高效电催化剂的广泛研究。其中,非贵金属催化剂可有效地规避铂基催化剂成本和储量的问题,而备受关注。但其挑战在于将性能提高到可与Pt基催化材料媲美。鉴于非贵金属催化剂的组成和结构对催化性能有着至关重要的影响,精准地调控催化剂的结构有望消除非贵金属催化剂和商业铂基催化剂的活性差距。在该评述中,我们致力于总结通过结构调控来提升性能的研究进展。我们首先介绍了四种极具代表性的非贵金属催化剂,包括非金属碳基材料、金属化合物、石墨化碳层包覆金属颗粒、原子分散的金属-氮-碳材料,突出了催化活性位点和催化机理。随后,针对于这些催化剂,我们归纳了从微纳尺度到原子层面的结构调控策略,如分级多孔结构的设计、界面工程、缺陷工程以及原子对活性位点的构建。我们着重讨论了结构和性能之间的依赖关系。从加速传质、增加可及的活性位点数量、可调控的电子状态和多组分之间的协同效应,讨论了这些结构变化引起的活性改进的起源。最后,我们对该领域存在的挑战以及未来的前景进行了展望。

摘要：由于丰富的拓扑量子效应及巨大的潜在应用价值,拓扑材料逐渐成为凝聚态物理前沿的研究材料体系。其中,作为与石墨烯具有相似电子结构的材料,三维拓扑半金属吸引了越来越多的研究兴趣。目前已知的拓扑半金属大多为非磁性的,而磁性拓扑半金属数量有限,与非磁性拓扑半金属相比较,研究开展的还比较少。磁性与拓扑之间的相互作用能够导致非常规的物理性质,如反常霍尔效应甚至量子反常霍尔效应等。此外,在一些具有特殊磁结构的拓扑半金属中,施加外磁场能够调制其自旋结构,从而影响其拓扑能带结构。在该综述中,笔者将详细介绍利用外磁场在EuCd_(2)Pn_(2)(Pn=As,Sb)反铁磁半金属材料中通过调制自旋结构从而改变晶体结构对称性来诱导拓扑相变。此外,笔者也将简单介绍包括GdPtBi和MnBi_(2)Te_(4)在内的几个相关材料。该综述中讨论的外磁场调控的磁交换诱导的拓扑相变不仅有望应用于拓扑器件,也有助于为理解磁性与拓扑态之间的紧密关联提供新的线索,对于设计新的磁性拓扑材料有启发意义。综述最后,笔者对发展磁性拓扑半金属做了一些简单展望。

摘要：Metabolites play important roles in numerous cell biology processes,such as cell proliferation,differentiation,stress response,and cell death[1].Recently,lactate and lactate-derived lysine residue lactylation(Kla)have emerged as newly discovered epigenetic modifications that play critical roles in various physiological and pathological *** the history of lactate research,we can categorize the studies into three mile stones(Fig.S1 online).