摘要：Over the past decade,multistable mechanical metamaterials have been widely investigated because of their novel shape reconfigurability and programmable energy *** ability to reversibly reshape among diverse stable states with different energy levels represents the most important feature of the multistable mechanical *** summarize main design strategies of multistable mechanical metamaterials,including those based on self-assembly scheme,snap-through instability,structured mechanism and geometrical frustration,with a focus on the number and controllability of accessible stable *** we concentrate on unusual mechanical properties of these multistable mechanical metamaterials,and present their applications in a wide range of areas,including tunable electromagnetic devices,actuators,robotics,and mechanical logic ***,we discuss remaining challenges and open opportunities of designs and applications of multistable mechanical metamaterials.

摘要：The cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system, as a technical core of synthetic biology, can simulate the transcription andtranslation process in an in vitro open environment without a complete living cell. It has been widely used in basic and appliedresearch fields because of its advanced engineering features in flexibility and controllability. Compared to a typical crudeextract-based CFPS system, due to defined and customizable components and lacking protein-degrading enzymes, the proteinsynthesis using recombinant elements (PURE) system draws great attention. This review first discusses the elementalcomposition of the PURE system. Then, the design and preparation of functional proteins for the PURE system, especially thecritical ribosome, were examined. Furthermore, we trace the evolving development of the PURE system in versatile areas,including prototyping, synthesis of unnatural proteins, peptides and complex proteins, and biosensors. Finally, as a state-ofthe-art engineering strategy, this review analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by the PURE system in futurescientific research and diverse applications.