摘要：When using a single reference to measure the bi-directional scattering distribution function （BSDF）, the incident zenith angle of the tested sample must be identical to that of the reference. In order to get the hemisphere space scattering characteristic on the sample surface, usually a motor drives the sample tilting, then the incident zenith angle is changed and needs to be the compensated by another motor. We mathematically deduce the expression of compensation angle when the incident zenith angle is changed by the rotation of motor. After the incident angle is compensated, the scattering zenith angle and azimuth angle are deduced too. The uncertainty of the system is 0.75%. Scattering measurements are performed on copper sample with visible light under different temperatures.

摘要：当前,FeNi合金由于其含量丰富、化学稳定性好的优点,在锌-空气二次电池(ZABs)中的氧还原反应(ORR)和析氧反应(OER)方面受到了广泛的关注.然而,传统FeNi合金还具有导电性差、比表面积小、活性低等缺点,严重阻碍了它们的催化性能.我们通过对金属有机前驱体进行热处理,合成了以分级多孔碳为载体的S-调控FeNi纳米合金材料(S-FeNi/PC),以实现高效的双功能氧催化.S调控赋予了FeNi纳米合金优越的OER性能,同时还使材料保持了与Pt/C相当的ORR性能.因此,SFeNi/PC具有很好的双功能氧催化活性,优于商业的Pt/C和RuO_(2)贵金属基复合催化剂.值得注意的是,以S-FeNi/PC为电极组装的ZABs具有较高的比容量(792 mA h g^(-1))、高峰值功率密度(123.5mW cm^(-2)),以及在10 mA cm^(-2)电流密度下可700次放电/充电循环的优异耐久性,这些性能远高于商用Pt/C-RuO_(2)催化剂,甚至超过了许多先前报道的工作.我们相信这项研究不仅为高效的ZABs装置提供了新的双功能氧电极材料,而且为具有广泛催化应用前景的FeNi基材料的设计提供了新的见解.

摘要：The influence on the stiffness modulus of composites exerted by the volume fraction of reinforcers, aspect ratio, the modulus ratio of the whisker to the matrix, the effect of reinforcers orientation and heat treatment state is discussed, the quantificational relations between microstructure parameters of the short-fiber/whisker reinforced metal matrix composite and its macro mechanical properties are built, and an optimal design method of micro-structure parameters about original isotropy and singularity tropism distribution of the whisker reinforced metal matrix composite is developed. Typical optimal design examples concerning the micro-structure parameter of this kind of material are presented.

摘要：在生物体内,细胞膜上的离子通道可以通过选择性地传输离子参与生命活动.受生物体内传输通道结构和功能的启发,具有实际应用价值的人工离子纳米通道备受关注.基于高分子材料的仿生纳米通道具有机械稳定性、离子输运性能优异和可设计性强等特点.本文主要介绍了基于聚合物的仿生纳米通道的制备及其在环境响应性生物传感和能量转换方面的应用.首先介绍了纳米通道在离子传输调控和能量转换方面的基本特性.之后,我们讨论了聚合物基纳米通道材料的制备方法,并强调了它们相对于其他材料的优势.详细讨论了聚合物基仿生纳米通道在能量转换和环境响应生物传感器中的实际应用.最后,总结了仿生纳米通道研究中尚未解决的问题,并对该领域的进一步发展方向进行了展望.