摘要：The pressure to reduce solar energy costs encourages efforts to reduce the thickness of silicon wafers. Thus, the cell bowing problem associated with the use of thin wafers has become increasingly important, as it can lead to the cracking of cells and thus to high yield losses. In this paper, a systematic .approach for simulating the cell bowing induced by the firing process is presented. This approach consists of three processes： （1） the material properties are determined using a nanoidentation test; （2） the thicknesses of aluminum （AI） paste and silver （Ag） busbars and fingers are measured using scanning electron microscopy; （3） non-linear finite element analysis （FEA） is used for simulating the cell bowing induced by the firing process. As a result, the bowing obtained using FEA simulation agrees better with the experimental data than that using the bowing calculations suggested in literature. In addition, the total in-plane residual stress state in the wafer/cell due to the firing process can be determined using the FEA simulation. A detailed analysis of the firing-induced stress state in single crystalline silicon （sc-Si）, cast, and edge-defined film-fed growth （EFG） multi-crystalline silicon wafers of different thicknesses is presented. Based on this analysis, a simple residual stress calculation is developed to estimate the maximum in-plane principal stress in the wafers. It is also proposed that the metallization pattern, Ag busbars and fingers screen printed on the front of a solar cell, can be designed using this approach. A practical case ofa 3-busbar Si solar cell is presented.

摘要：如果说“复古风”只是时尚设计界内的格调轮回，那么近期才重返设计师桌面的“斧式船首”设计带给游艇的却是实实在在的性能提升。

摘要：毫无疑问，挪威UIstein公司的X-bow船体设计在海事界引起了巨大反响。自从2005年“Bourbon Orca”号下水之后，到目前为止，已有60多艘带 有这种专利船艏的船舶被交付。X—bow船体具有节能和可以抵御强浪的特点。

摘要：新设计名为＂G系列＂,209000载重吨,可以降低碳排放25%。环球造船称,船首设计＂Ledge bow＂将减少波浪阻力,提高船舶能效。另外,还增加了一个超大水流管道,帮助提高船体效率和推进系统水流的效率。据估计,与传统的VLOC相比,该设计每天可节约10吨燃料。当市场需要进一步节省燃料时,电池发动机允许船舶减速航行。

摘要：据《MarineLog》5月5日报道，Ulstein公司在美国休斯顿参加OTC会展时推出了两款新型重吊船设计，Hx103型和Hx104型，分别可容纳3501人和5001人。两型船均采用DP3动力定位．吊杆跨距较长，露天甲板面积也较大。同时这也是uIstein的x—bow第一次用于特种用途船舶上。

摘要：8月9日．太平洋造船集团下属浙江造船有限公司为波邦挪威建造的全球首制海洋工程船PXl05举行交船命名仪式。PX105海工船由ULSTEIN公司设计．总长88．80M．型宽19．00M，型深8．00M．载重吨为4400T，最大航速为155节．船体外形按ULSTEIN的最新理念X—bow设计．