摘要：In the pragmatics literature the relationship between mitigation and pragmatic empathy remains largely an underexplored,or even worse,a controversial issue,giving rise to the formulation of divergent views of empathy in *** I treat empathy as a working mechanism providing a general explanation of how mitigation works,Caffi(1999;2007;2013)adopts a“paradox”view on *** purpose of this paper is to track down the sources of divergence by comparing and contrasting our conceptualizations of *** is found that the biggest difference lies in the treatment of ***,although I argue in favor of my empathic view,I see it as complementary,rather than contradictory,to Caffi’s *** relationship between mitigation and politeness is revisited with its implications for teaching pragmatics briefly discussed.

摘要：Emotional contagion, a primary form of empathy, is present in rodents. Among emotional contagion behaviors, social transmission of fear is the most ***, we modified a paradigm used in previous studies to more robustly assess the social transmission of fear in rats that experienced foot-shock. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that foot-shock experience enhances the regional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC). We found that lesioning the ACC specifically attenuated the vicarious freezing behavior of foot-shock-experienced observer rats. Furthermore, ablation of projections from the ACC to the mediodorsal thalamus(MDL) bilaterally delayed the vicarious freezing responses, and activation of these projections decreased the vicarious freezing ***, our results demonstrate that, in rats, the ACC modulates vicarious freezing behavior via a projection to the MDL and provide clues to understanding the mechanisms underlying empathic behavior in humans.

摘要：Ickes （1997） has mentioned that empathy is a complex form of psychological inference in which observation, memory, knowledge, and reasoning are combined to yield insights into the thoughts and feelings of others. The phenomenon of empathy has been discussed in philosophy, aesthetics, and psychology for many years. In the beginning of the 20th century, an extensive discussion on this phenomenon has been led by European intuition phenomenologists such as Husserl, Sartre, Brunswik, and Heider, etc. It is known that the theory of its development relates to understanding human feelings and emotions. Empathic design in the design field has developed emotional design, inclusion design and universal design, etc. Empathic design is an emerging issue in the design field. What are empathic design, designing process, design methodologies, and a strategic design model？ Why is empathic design important to the creative and designing processes？ Empathic design is one of the useful ways to understand interpersonal relationships that might influence the creative and designing processes, design strategies and innovation. Empathic design that emphasizes listening to the voice from customer＇s heart and designing this into design has been proved to be something the customer really needs in brand communication messages and brand values. This paper researches, investigates and gathers the research methodologies and combines a literature review, case study, structured interviews, and grounded theory. The structured interviews comprise four designers who worked in the brand design department, including two senior designers and two junior designers. Thus, a literature review is conducted in this research to discuss the empathic design model, explore founding theories and then seek to analyze and propose a structured empathic design model. Finally, the research presents an empathic design model to explain several denominations, which are empathic communication, empathic aesthetics, empathic in

摘要：This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of advertising through social media （i.e., Facebook）. Mie Jupe Jombang has applied using an analytical method called EPIC Model. The population of this study points to 5,000 people found as consumers and engaged as facebook friends of Mie Jupe Jombang. Using purposive sampling technique, 100 respondents are collected as the total sample of this study. They are scattered in Jombang regency and engaged with Mie Jupe Jombang＇s Facebook account as friends that apparently seems to advertise Mie Jupe Jombang. This study uses descriptive analysis method with EPIC model （empathy, Persuation, Impact, and Communication）. The result of analysis shows that the variables of EPIC Model （empathy, Persuation, Impact and Communication） are found quite effective. Overall, this fmding concludes that the advertising of Mie Jupe Jombang is quite effective.

摘要：The main aim of this article is to describe the intersubjective relationship between the observer and the subject depicted in a work of art. More precisely, I am interested in the observer＇s imagination as it is manifested in this relationship. I argue that every act of empathy involves the imagination, but the act of imagination is never understood as an act of empathy. This article will take a new approach towards the perception of a work of art and challenges the traditional notion of empathy as ＂looking into,＂ ＂looking in,＂ or ＂seeing-in.＂ I describe the experience of empathy as a lived experience, where I understand it as a type of intentional act that is distinct from imagination; meanwhile, I show that the imagination plays a role in the empathetic experience of the work of art. How？ I understand this situation as one that brings the observer into a new reality, an intersubjective mode of being where she finds a better understanding of her own （as an observer） inner world. I wish to argue that empathy gives a new dimension to experience, where being ＂here＂ becomes being ＂there.＂ empathy is in fact a special form of meeting the Other. In the case of a work of art, we do not meet the Other as a person who lives their daily life like everyone else; instead we have an independent empathetic experience of the world, taking place within the work of art, in relation to the depicted subject. The nature of empathy is that it enables the observer to enter the deepest intimacy of the work of art and dwell inside it. This depends solely on the observer on how open they are to this world and how much it coincides with the observer＇s will, as she always retains limitless freedom when interpreting a work of art.

摘要：A method-mix for intercultural user interface design (IUID) is explained and exemplified by application examples based on a hybrid approach covering cultural contexts in human-computer interaction (HCI) design using a model of culturally influenced HCI. Cultural influence on HCI is described using cultural variables for user interface design. Assumptions and empirical results regarding the influence of culture on HCI, considering the path of the information processing and the interaction style between Chinese and German users are explained based on cultural models. Subsequent indicators represent the relationship between culture and HCI (culturally imprinted by the user). Correlations adopted theoretically between cultural dimensions and variables for HCI design were investigated. These correlations represent relevant constituents of a model for culturally influenced HCI. Considerations applying this model and evidence for the proper application of the IUID method-mix are presented elucidating why and how cultural aspects play a role in HCI design and usability/UX engineering. The IUID method-mix serves to inspire HCI engineers in the requirement analysis phase as well as HCI designers in the design phase. The readers are thereby sensitized to the challenges of intercultural usability/UX engineering and intercultural HCI design and will be equipped with methodological knowledge relevant to the derivation of design recommendations for user interface design for and in their desired cultural contexts. Finally, implications for practitioners are shown, including HCI style scores and practical design recommendations, to prognosticate the effort and the expenditures for considering the cultural context in IUID.