摘要：Renewable energy conversion as well as water electrolysis technologies are constrained by the fact that kinetics are always slow in the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).There are numerous means and strategies for the enhancement of OER *** this paper,we systematically review the important role of anionic vacancies in enhancing the OER activity of catalysts:increasing catalyst conductivity,improving electrical conductivity,and enhancing intermediate *** order to better detect the presence of vacancies in the samples,the principle of vacancy detection is reviewed in detail in terms of both spectroscopic and microscopic characterization,and the methods of vacancy formation as well as the factors influencing the concentration of vacancies are summarized in *** addition,the challenges and new directions for the study of anionic vacancies are *** Wang was awarded a *** chemistry from Jilin University in 2006 under the supervision of *** *** worked as a Postdoctoral Scholar in Shandong University,the State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials from 2008 to *** is currently a professor at Qingdao University of Science and *** research interests mainly focus on the design and synthesis of functional organic-inorganic hybrids and porous MOFs materials,as well as their applications in photocatalysis,electrocatalysis,lithium-ion battery,*** Chi received her *** and *** from the State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing,China University of Petroleum(East China).She is currently an associate professor at Qing dao University of Science and *** research interests focus on the design and synthesis of transition metal-based nanostructures and porous MOFs materials for electrochemical applications.

摘要：Water electrolysis technology holds the perfect promise of the hydrogen production,yet control of efficiency and rate of water electrolysis greatly relies on the availability of high-performance electrode materials for kinetic-sluggish oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Accordingly,substantial endeavors have been made to explore advanced electrode materials over the past ***,RuO_(2) and RuO_(2)-based materials have been demonstrated to be promising for OER due to their remarkable electrocatalytic activity and pH-universal ***,the great achievements and progresses of this flourishing spot are comprehensively reviewed,which are started by a general description of OER to understand the reaction mechanism in ***,the key advantages and issues of RuO_(2) towards OER are also introduced,followed by proposing many advanced strategies for further promoting the electrocatalytic OER performance of RuO_(2).Finally,the daunting challenges and future progresses of RuO_(2) electrocatalysts toward practical water oxidation are highlighted,aiming to provide guidance for the fabrication of desirable RuO_(2)-based electrocatalysts toward OER.

摘要：It is important but challenging to design and fabricate an efficient and cost-effective electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER). Herein, we report free-standing 3 D nickel arrays with a cross-linked porous structure as interesting and high-performance electrocatalysts for OER via a facile one-step electrodeposition method. The 3 D nickel arrays are strongly anchored on the substrate, forming self-supported electrocatalysts with reinforced structural stability and high electrical conductivity. Because of their increased active surface area, abundant channels for electron/ion transportation and enhanced electronic conductivity, the designed 3 D nickel arrays exhibit superior electrocatalytic OER performance with a low overpotential(496 mV at 50 mA cm–2) and a small Tafel slope(43 mV dec–1) as well as long-term stability(no decay after 24 h) in alkaline solution. Our proposed rational design strategy may open up a new way to construct other advanced 3 D porous materials for widespread application in electrocatalysis.

摘要：Water oxidation is one of the most important reactions in natural and artificial energy conversion *** nature,solar energy is converted to chemical energy via water oxidation at the oxygen-evolving center of photosystem II to generate dioxygen,protons,and *** artificial energy schemes,water oxidation is one of the half reactions of water splitting,which is an appealing strategy for energy conversion via photocatalytic,electrocatalytic,or photoelectrocatalytic *** it is thermodynamically unfavorable and kinetically slow,water oxidation is the bottleneck for achieving large-scale water ***,developing highly efficient water oxidation catalysts has attracted the interests of researchers in the past *** formation of O-O bonds is typically the rate-determining step of the water oxidation catalytic ***,better understanding this key step is critical for the rational design of more efficient *** review focuses on elucidating the evolution of metal-oxygen species during transition metal-catalyzed water oxidation,and more importantly,on discussing the feasible O-O bond formation mechanisms during the oxygen evolution reaction over synthetic molecular catalysts.

摘要：Effective electrocatalysis is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of water splitting to obtain clean ***,we report a system of interesting and high-performance Sr-doped perovskite electrocatalysts with porous structures,obtained via a facile molten salt method and applied in the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).With increasing the Sr content,the valence states of Co and Fe ions do not clearly increase,according to the Co-L2,3 and Fe-L2,3 as well as the Co-K and the Fe-K X-ray absorption spectroscopy,whereas doped holes are clearly observed in the 0-K ***-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicates the appearance of an amorphous layer after the electrochemical *** conclude that the formation of the amorphous layer at the surface,induced by Sr doping,is crucial for achieving high OER activity,and we offer insights into the self-reconstruction of the OER catalyst.

摘要：Although carbon-supported platinum(Pt/C) is still considered the most active electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) and oxygen reduction reaction(ORR), its applications in metal–air batteries as a cathode catalyst, or for oxygen generation via water splitting electrolysis as an anode catalyst is mainly constrained by the insufficient kinetic activity and stability in the oxygen evolution reaction(OER). Here, MOF-253-derived nitrogen-doped carbon(N/C)-confined Pt single nanocrystals(Pt@N/C) have been synthesized and shown to be efficient catalysts for the OER. Even with low Pt mass loading of 6.1 wt%(Pt@N/C-10), the catalyst exhibits greatly improved activity and long-time stability as an efficient OER catalyst. Such high catalytic performance is attributed to the core-shell structure relationship, in which the active N-doped-C shell not only provides a protective shield to avoid rapid Pt nanocrystal oxidation at high potentials and inhibits the Pt migration and agglomeration, but also improves the conductivity and charge transfer kinetics.

摘要：The dynamic adsorption of possible intermediates on single-atom catalysts(SACs)under working condition plays a key role in the electrocatalytic performance by the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),and therefore the performance of the dynamic adsorption should be fully considered in the theoretical screening of potential *** on density functional theory calculations,the OER performance of 27 types of C_(2)N-supported single transition metal atoms(TM@C_(2)N)is systematically investigated without and with considering the dynamic adsorption of possible *** considering dynamic adsorption,only Rh@C_(2)N and Ni@C_(2)N are screened out as good ***,by further considering the dynamic adsorption configurations of possible intermediates,more promising TM@C_(2)N SACs including Fe(Co,Ni,Ru,Rh,Ir)@C_(2)N toward the OER are screened *** presence of the intermediates(*HO,*O)on SACs could shift their d band center toward lower energy level,which makes the interaction between the adsorbate and SACs moderate and thus enhances their OER *** present work is instructive for further screening and designing of efficient single-atom catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction.

摘要：oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)are the key processes in water *** with the two-electron process in HER,the four-electron process of OER is slow because of the more complex series of ***,a good understanding of the direct O_(2) evolution mechanism(DOEM)in OER is crucial to design high-efficiency catalysts to overcome the limitations imposed by the conventional adsorption evolution *** this work,honeycomb Ni_(3)N-Co_(3)N was prepared on carbon cloth(Ni_(3)N-Co_(3)N/CC)to investigate the *** functional theory and in situ Raman scattering spectroscopy demonstrated that the OER process on Ni_(3)N-Co_(3)N/CC proceeded via the DOEM pathway,in which Ni_(3)N and Co_(3)N share the roles of dragging OH^(-),splitting off H-O bonds,and adsorbing other OH^(-),leading to significantly reduced Gibbs’s energy barriers of ΔG_(*OH) to ΔG_(O*)and ΔG_(O*)to ΔG_(O*OH).Moreover,the vertical honeycomb structure and conductive CC substrate contributed to the structural stability,conductivity,and quick O_(2) release *** Ni_(3)N-Co_(3)N/CC required low overpotentials of 320 and 495 mV to reach a current density of 10 and 100 mA cm^(-2),***,the Ni_(3)N-Co_(3)N/CC delivered excellent stability with>90% retention of the initial current density over an 80-h-long test.

摘要：Two-dimensional layered double hydroxides(LDHs)have been identified as promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER);however,the simple and effective synthesis of high-quality LDHs remains extremely challenging and the active sites have not been ***,we report a facile solution-reaction method for preparing an ultrathin(thickness<2 nm)nonprecious CoFe-based ***_(1)Fe_(0.2) LDH delivers a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2) and a high turnover frequency of 0.082 s^(-1) per total 3d metal atoms at a low overpotential of 256 *** mass activity is 277.9 A g^(-1) at an overpotential of 300 mV for the *** studies reveal the Co site as the main active center for the *** doped Fe lowers the reaction barrier by accelerating the charge-transfer *** calculations reveal that the surface Co sites adjacent to Fe atoms are the active centers for the OER and the subsurface Fe dopants excessively weaken the OH^(*)adsorption,thus increasing the energy barrier of the rate-determining *** study can guide the rational design of high-performance CoFe-based LDHs for water splitting.

摘要：In this work,we report a novel one-dimensional metal-organic framework(MOF)templated for the synthesis of transition metal sulfides with excellent oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance via a self-sulfidation process,eliminating the need for additional sulfur *** pyrolysis,MOFs containing Co ions as the metal nodes and 1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole(PMTA)as the ligand were transformed to Co_(9)S_(8)nanoparticles,which were encapsulated in a nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped carbon(Co_(9)S_(8)@NSC)***,PMTA,as a ligand,possesses the unique advantage of forming porous coordination polymers with a wide range of metals(e.g.,Fe,Ni,and Cu),enabling the versatile synthesis of transition metal sulfide ***,when served as the electrocatalyst for OER,the N,S co-doped Co_(9)S_(8)@NSC porous nanotubes exhibited excellent OER performance with the overpotential of only 248 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2)and long-term *** works provide new insights and inspiration for the rational design and development of non-precious metal-based sulfides with practical potential applications.