摘要：随机对照试验（RCT）可分为评估效力的解释性试验和评估临床效果的实用性临床试验（PCT）。PCT反映了临床实际条件下的干预效应,具有一定的外推性,但其内部真实性相对较差。与此相反,解释性试验是在理想条件下进行,其内部真实性较好,而外推性较差。但在RCT实际设计中,PCT和解释性试验并不是截然分离的两个极端,有许多RCT同时兼有两种设计的属性。precis通过评价RCT设计的解释和实用两方面,指导如何实行干预和试验设计,使RCT在内部和外部真实性之间达到平衡。目前国内对precis介绍甚少,更未见应用的报道,基于此以下介绍precis基本原理、特点及应用,以期为临床试验设计提供参考。

摘要：The Koshi river basin sustains the livelihoods of millions of people in the upstream and downstream areas of the basin. People rely on monsoon rainfall for agricultural production, hydropower generation and other livelihood activities. Climate change is expected to have serious implication on its environment. To reduce the adverse impacts of disasters and to better understand the implication of climate change for the sustainable development, initiative in this regard is necessary. Analysis of past meteorological trends and future climate projections can give us a sense of what to expect and how to prepare ourselves and manage available resources. In this paper, we have used a high-resolution climate model, viz., Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (precis), to project future climate scenario over the Koshi river basin for impact assessment. Three outputs of the Quantifying Uncertainties in Model Prediction (QUMP) simulations have been used to project the future climate. These simulations were selected from the 17-member Perturbed Physics Ensemble (PPE) using Hadley Centre Couple Model (HadCM3) based on the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario. The future projections are analysed for three time slices 2011-2040 (near future), 2041-2070 (middle of the century) and 2071-2098 (distant future). Despite quantitative wet and cold bias, the model was able to resolve the seasonal pattern reasonably well. The model projects a decrease in rainfall in the near future and a progressive increase towards the end of the century. The projected change in rainfall is non-uniform, with increase over the southern plains and the middle mountains and decrease over the trans-Himalayan region. Simulation suggests that rainy days will be less frequent but more intense over the southern plains towards the end of the century. Further, the model projections indicate significant warming towards the end of the century. The rate of warming is slightly higher over the trans-Himalayan region

摘要：Chapter Audio是一家小型的英国公司，其经营理念决非简单地给Hi-Fi市场增加一个新品牌，而是要带来实实在在的新技术。Chapter最先推出的是Simply 2后级功率放大器，随后是Preface前级控制放大器，而在这台最新型的precis台并式功率放大器中，设计师Duncan Shrimpton充分展示了他的天才，现在Duncan的感觉非常好，正着手重新设计前级和后级功放。

摘要：本文就precis移植到汉语后的情形提出了所有算法设计.系统已用TURBOC编制而成,汉语文献的标引结果令人满意.

摘要：The high-resolution climate model Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (precis) was used to project the changes in futureextreme precipitation and temperature over the Koshi River Basin for use in impact assessments. Three outputs of the Quantifying Uncertaintiesin Model Prediction (QUMP) simulations using the Hadley Centre Couple Model (HadCM3) based on the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario were used to project the future climate. The projections were analysed for three time slices, 2011e2040 (near future), 2041e2070 (mid-century), and 2071e2098 (distant future). The results show an increase in the future frequency and intensity of climate extremes events such as dry days, consecutive dry days, and very wet days (95th percentile), with greater increases over the southern plains than in the mountainous area to the north. A significant decrease in moderate rainfall days (75th percentile) is projected over the middle (high) mountain and trans-Himalaya areas. Increases are projected in both the extreme maximum and extreme minimum temperature, with a slightly higher rate in minimum temperature. The number of warm days is projected to increase throughout the basin, with more rapid rates in the trans-Himalayan and middle mountain areas than in the plains. Warm nights are also projected to increase, especially in the southern plains. A decrease is projected in cold days and cold nights indicating overall warming throughout the basin.

摘要：研究气候变化对水资源的可能影响,能让人类在面临气候变化时能够及时地采取相应措施。利用大气环流模式HadCM3的结果和国家气象局提供的钱塘江流域7个站点1961-1990年逐日实测气象资料,选取A1B排放情景,分别通过动力降尺度方法和统计降尺度方法,分析2011-2030时期(2020s)的日设计暴雨,并对两种方法计算得出的设计暴雨进行比较。结果表明,除个别站点外,在A1B情景下,两种降尺度方法下极端暴雨出现的频率相比基准期都有所增加,其中动力降尺度方法下不同重现期的设计暴雨值增幅更大。

摘要：利用英国Hadley气候预测和研究中心的区域气候模式系统precis,模拟分析基于政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)2000年发布的《排放情景特别报告》(SRES)中设计的B2情景下华南区域2071～2100年的温度和降水量的可能变化,结果显示:2071～2100年均地面温度相对于气候基准时段(1961～1990年)上升约2～4℃;华南区域未来夏季降水量在22°N以北区域较气候基准时段增加,而以南区域减少;冬季降水则表现为华南区域较气候基准时段减少。2071～2100年华南区域的温度气候趋势系数为正值,年均降水气候趋势系数为负值。2071～2100年的高温事件和强降水事件的发生频率均比气候基准时段明显增加。

摘要：研究疾病:充血性心力衰竭.目的:对Carvedilol治疗中重度心力衰竭患者的疗效进行评价.设计:随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的多中心研究,剂量效应关系研究.病人资料:共278名心力衰竭患者,利尿剂和ACEI制剂治疗时间≥2月后,病情稳定,但仍有慢性心力衰竭症状,左室射血分数≤0.35.