摘要：Purpose: To test the effectiveness of sitting surfaces with varied amounts of stability on muscle activity and energy ***: Using a within-participants repeated measures design, 11 healthy young-adult females(age = 20.0 ± 1.8 years) were measured using indirect calorimetry to assess energy expenditure, and electromyography to assess muscular activation in trunk and leg musculature under 3different sitting surfaces: flat-firm surface, air-filled cushion, and a stability ball. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with follow-up pairwise contrasts used to determine the specific effects of sitting surface on muscle activation and energy ***: Significantly greater energy expenditure was recorded for the stability ball(p = 0.01) and the cushion(p = 0.03) over the flat surface(10.4% and 9.6% greater, respectively), with no differences between the ball and the cushion. Both the ball and the cushion produced higher tibialis anterior activation over the flat surface(1.09 and 0.63 root-mean-square millivolts(RMSmv), respectively), while the stability ball produced higher soleus activity over both cushion and flat surfaces(3.97 and 4.24 RMSmv, respectively). Additionally, the cushion elicited higher adductor longus activity over the ball and flat surfaces(1.76 and 1.81 RMSmv, respectively), but no trunk musculature differences were ***: Compliant surfaces resulted in higher levels of muscular activation in the lower extremities facilitating increased caloric *** the increasing trends in sedentary careers and the increases in obesity, this is an important finding to validate the merits of active sitting facilitating increased caloric expenditure and muscle activation.

摘要：“When sacrifices are to be offered to ancestors,Shi(尸)is *** ceremonial convention has been kept intact in the dynasties of Yu,Xia,Shang and Zhou.”Shi refers to a person alive in place of the deceased to be *** is required to stand in the sacrificial ceremony in Xia dynasty,which is called the standing Shi,while in dynasties of Shang and Zhou,Shi is supposed to be seated,calling the sitting *** sitting posture of Shi at the sacrificial ritual then is different considerably from the way we sit on the buttocks *** is expected to sit on the ***,Shi should keep a kneeling position,with knees on the ground and buttocks on the heels whilst his head bowing and his back ***,Qin Bu Shi(寝不尸)in The Analects of Confucius should be interpreted as one should not bother to adopt the sitting Shi posture while retiring to bed,rather than the version,as has been annotated by Yang Bojun,“Confucius does not sleep(lying stretched out)like a dead body.”