摘要：文章阐述了计算机基础教育的定位，在此基础上提出了计算机基础教育的“纲”—sample，即计算机基础教育应达到的六点基本要求：基本技能的要求（Skill）、应用能力的要求（Ability）、课程整合的要求（Mergence）、程序设计能力的要求（Programming）、信息素养培养的要求（Literacy）、数字化学习的要求（E—Learning）。

摘要：免费的东西总是像磁铁一样，具备着一种无形的吸引力，不仅消费者喜欢，营销人员也是乐此不疲，免费发放试用品被认为是最好的营销方法之一。但同样是免费的午餐，同时送给饥肠辘辘的觅食者和大腹便便的食客，或是将一份刚出锅的卤煮送给—位汉民和一位回民，

摘要：This paper examined users’ preferences for landscape design of grounds and spaces surrounding hospitals, in order to assess how they perceived the landscape facilities so as to make future open spaces of hospitals suitable to users’ needs. The method of the research was based on quantifying a questionnaire survey of a representative sample of personnel (doctors, nurses, administrative staff and medical students) by using the stratified sample research programme that was carried out in March 2007 at the University Hospital of the city of Alexandroupolis, situated in northeastern Greece. The results of study show that users of hospital cared about footpaths, resting areas, social and public spaces, personal spaces, water features and a dominant, limited range of colors in landscaping. They also require environment that supports the principles and specifications of Therapeutic Hospital Gardens. Based on the results of this research, (a) interventions have been proposed (e.g., footpaths, resting areas, social and public spaces, personal spaces, water features and a dominant, limited range of colors in landscaping), and (b) the principles and specifications for the landscape design of Therapeutic Hospital Gardens have also been evaluated and have been redefined in the light of the study findings. These results also provide the opportunity for health care decision makers to apply and to incorporate user considerations into overall landscape design for current and future health care programs.

摘要：Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) are the gold standard in terms of study design, however, in the surgical setting conducting RCTs can often be unethical or logistically impossible. Case-control studies should become the major study design used in surgical research when RCTs are unable to be conducted and definitely replacing case series which offer little insight into surgical outcomes and disease processes.