摘要：To enhance electrochemical performance of li- thium or sodium-ion batteries （LIBs or NIBs）, active materials are usually filled in porous conductive particles to produce anode composites. However, it is still challenging to achieve high performance anode composites with high specific capa- city, excellent rate performance, high initial Coulombic effi- ciency （ICE） and long cycle life. Based on these requirements, we design and fabricate activated carbon-coated carbon na- notubes （AC@CNT） with hierarchical structures containing micro- and meso-pores. A new structure of phosphorus/car- bon composite （P@AC@CNT） is prepared by confining red P in porous carbon through a vaporization-condensation-con- version method. The micro-pores are filled with P, while the meso-pores remain unoccupied, and the pore openings on the particle surface are sealed by P. Due to the unique structure of P@AC@CNT, it displays a high specific capacity of 1674 mA h g-i at 0.2 C, ultrahigh ICE of 92.2%, excellent rate per- formance of 1116 mA h g-i at 6 C, and significantly enhanced cycle stability for LIBs. The application of P@AC@CNT in NIBs is further explored. This method for the fabrication of the special composites with improved electrochemical per- formance can be extended to other energy storage applica- tions.

摘要：Electrocatalysis is a process dealing with electrochemical reactions in the interconversion of chemical energy and electrical *** synthesis of catalytically active nanostructures is one of the key challenges that hinder the practical application of many important energy‐related electrocatalytic *** with conventional wet‐chemical,solid‐state and vapor deposition synthesis,electrochemical synthesis is a simple,fast,cost‐effective and precisely controllable method for the preparation of highly efficient catalytic *** this review,we summarize recent progress in the electrochemical synthesis of catalytic materials such as single atoms,spherical and shaped nanoparticles,nanosheets,nanowires,core‐shell nanostructures,layered nanomaterials,dendritic nanostructures,hierarchically porous nanostructures as well as composite *** aspects of electrochemical synthesis and several main electrochemical synthesis methods are ***‐performance correlations between electrochemically synthesized catalysts and their unique electrocatalytic properties are exemplified using selected *** offer the reader with a basic guide to the synthesis of highly efficient catalysts using electrochemical methods,and we propose some research challenges and future opportunities in this field.