摘要：Electrochemical water splitting,as a promising method for hydrogen production,has attracted significant ***,the lack of an electrocatalyst with a small energy loss and fast reaction kinetics has hindered the development of this *** nanomaterials with short-range order and long-range disorder features have recently shown superior activity compared to their crystalline counterparts in water *** enhanced activity arising from their intrinsic disordered structure results in more active sites and a higher intrinsic activity of such *** this regard,this review is aimed at summarizing the progress in amorphous electrocatalysts for water ***,the synthesis strategies for amorphous electrocatalysts are *** tools for amorphous nanomaterials are then ***,the origin of the enhanced activity and stability of amorphous nanomaterials is ***,the current challenges and promising opportunities in this research area are *** review aims to provide a guide for designing and developing amorphous nanomaterials with a fascinating electrocatalytic water splitting performance.

摘要：Semiconductor heterostructures mediated by electrical conductors are very promising for Z-scheme photocatalytic water *** contrast to conventional particulate heterostructures,alternate TiO_(2)and Cu_(2)O film stripes patterned parallel on a fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO) conductive substrate was fabricated as a model film photocatalyst to study the characteristics of the photogenerated charge transfer *** Z-scheme transfer process with an effective transport distance of up to 5 μm occurs only in regions distant from the TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O strip edges through the FTO substrate from the *** contrast,the transfer of charge around their contact regions follows the conventional transfer process through the TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O strip *** results indicate that the Z-scheme transfer process occurring in such a large region dominates the charge transfer processes in the TiO_(2)/FTO/Cu_(2)O pattern film ***,unlike the single component film,which is inactive for photocatalytic overall water splitting,the modified TiO_(2)/Cu_(2)O pattern film can induce photocatalytic overall water splitting at a stoichiometric H_(2)/O_(2) ratio close to 2:*** findings have significant implications in designing efficient heterostructures by employing a Z-scheme charge transfer process.

摘要：Photocatalytic water splitting based on semiconductor photocatalysts is a promising approach for producing carbon‐neutral,sustainable,and clean H_(2) *** loading,which is an appealing strategy,has been extensively employed to improve the photocatalytic efficiency *** view of the high cost and rare preservation of noble metal cocatalysts that significantly hinder their utilization for large‐scale energy production,various cocatalysts comprising earth‐abundant ele‐ments have been developed as noble‐metal‐free candidates using different methods to boost pho‐tocatalytic water *** these preparation strategies,photodeposition has attracted tre‐mendous attention in the deposition of earth‐abundant cocatalysts owing to its simplicity and mod‐erate availability,improved interfacial charge separation and transfer,and abundant active sites on the *** this review,we first summarize the deposition principles,deposition advantages,categories of cocatalysts,roles of cocatalysts,influencing factors,modification strategies,and design considerations in the photodeposition of earth‐abundant *** photodeposited earth‐abundant cocatalysts for the photocatalytic H_(2) evolution half reaction,photocatalytic O_(2) evo‐lution half reaction,and overall photocatalytic water splitting are ***,some perspec‐tives on the challenges and possible future directions for the photodeposition of earth‐abundant cocatalysts in photocatalytic water splitting are presented.

摘要：Narrow spectral response,low charge separation efficiency and slow water oxidation kinetics of TiO_(2)limit its application in photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water ***,a promising organic/inorganic composite catalyst Ag/PANI/3DOMM‐TiO_(2–x)with a three‐dimensional ordered macro‐and meso‐porous(3DO MM)structure,oxygen vacancy and Ti^(3+)defects,heterojunction formation and noble metal Ag was designed based on the Z‐scheme mechanism and successfully *** Ag/PANI/3DOMM‐TiO_(2–x)ternary catalyst exhibited enhanced hydrogen production activity in both photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water *** photocatalytic hydrogen production rate is 420.90μmol g^(–1)h^(–1),which are 19.80 times and 2.06 times higher than the commercial P25 and 3DOMM‐TiO_(2),*** the photoelectrochemical tests,the Ag/PANI/3DOMM‐TiO_(2–x)photoelectrode shows enhanced separation and transfer of carriers with a high current density of 1.55 mA cm^(–2)at equilibrium potential of 1.23 V under simulated AM 1.5 G illumination,which is approximately 5 times greater than the 3DOMM‐TiO_(2).The present work has demonstrated the promising potential of organic/inorganic Z‐scheme photocatalyst in driving water splitting for hydrogen production.

摘要：Molybdenum-based catalysts have demonstrated significant potential in the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).However,the limited exposure of active sites and strong hydrogen adsorption result in suboptimal ***,a Mo_(2)N±MoSe_(2) heterojunction is prepared on carbon cloth(MNS/CC)to enhance the *** strong electronic interaction between Mo_(2)N and MoSe_(2),combined with the lower work function of Mo_(2)N,creates an intrinsic electric field at the heterojunction interface,which markedly improves charge transfer ***,the optimized electronic structure of Mo sites further enhances charge transfer and intrinsically catalytic activity in *** a result,MNS/CC requires overpotentials of mere 65 and 210 mV to achieve current densities of 20 mA cm^(−2) and 1 A cm^(−2),respectively,with a Tafel slope of only 96 mV dec−***,MNS/CC maintains stable operation at 1 A cm^(−2) for 240 h without significant *** results offer insights into the design of non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts for industrial hydrogen production.

摘要：water splitting powered by clean electricity is a sustainable and promising approach to produce green ***,noble metal(***,Ruthenium,Platinum)-based catalysts are most widely used for water splitting ***,noble metal-based catalysts often suffer from multiple disadvantages,including high cost,low selectivity and poor *** emergence of metal-organic framework nanosheets(MOFNSs)attracts significant attention due to their unique ***,a concise,yet comprehensive and critical,review of recent advances in the field of MOFNSs is *** review explains the fundamental oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalytic mechanisms as well as key characterization techniques for the structure-activity relationship study are ***,it discusses efficient design strategies and the brief research advances of MOFNSs in HER,OER,and bifunctional electrocatalysis,along with some challenges and opportunities.

摘要：Hydrogen production by photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting converts the inexhaustible supply of solar radiation to storable H2 as clean energy and thus has received widespread *** efficiency of PEC water splitting is largely determined by the properties of the ***-dimensional(2 D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs) are promising candidates for photoelectrodes due to their atomic layer thickness,tunable bandgap,large specific surface area,and high carrier ***,the construction of 2 D TMDs heterostructures provides freedom in material design,which facilitates the further improvement of PEC water *** review begins by describing the mechanism of PEC water splitting and the advantages of 2 D TMDbased heterostructures for photo ***,the design considerations of the heterostructures for enhanced PEC efficiency are comprehensively reviewed with a focus on material selection,band engineering,surface modification,and long-term ***,current challenges and future perspectives for the development of photoelectrodes based on 2 D TMDs heterostructures are addressed.

摘要：A Z-scheme is a promising approach to achieve broad-spectrum photocatalysis. Integration of TiO2 with another semiconductor with a band gap of -1.0 eV would be ideal to harvest both ultraviolet and visible-near infrared light for photocatalysis; however, most narrow-bandgap semiconductors have straddling band structure alignments with TiO2, constituting an obstacle to forming the Z-scheme for photocatalytic hydrogen production. In this communication, we demonstrate Ag2S as a model system where the energy band upshift of the narrow-bandgap semiconductor that shares an interface with a metal can overcome this limitation. To fabricate the design, we developed a unique approach to synthesize Ag2S-Ag-TiO2 hybrid structures. The obtained ternary hybrid structures exhibited dramatically enhanced performance in photocatalytic hydrogen pro- duction under full-spectrum light illumination. The activities were significantly higher than the sum of those of Ag2S-Ag-TiO2 structures under λ〈 400 nm and λ 〉 400 nm irradiation as well as those of their counterparts under any light illumination conditions.

摘要：A dye-sensitized photocatalyst combining Pt-loaded TiO_(2) and Ru(Ⅱ)tris-diimine sensitizer(RuP)was constructed and its activity for photochemical hydrogen evolution was compared with that of Pt-intercalated HCa_(2)Nb_(3)O_(10) *** the sacrificial donor ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA)disodium salt dihydrate was used,RuP/Pt/TiO_(2) showed higher activity than RuP/Pt/HCa_(2)Nb_(3)O_(10).In contrast,when NaI(a reversible electron donor)was used,RuP/Pt/TiO_(2) showed little activity due to back electron transfer to the electron acceptor(I_(3)-),which was gener-ated as the oxidation product of I-.By modification with anionic polymers(sodium poly(styrenesulfonate)or sodium polymethacrylate)that could inhibit the scavenging of conduction band electrons by I_(3)-,the H_(2) production activity from aqueous NaI was improved,but it did not exceed that of RuP/Pt/HCa_(2)Nb_(3)O_(10).Transient absorption measurements showed that the rate of semiconductor-to-dye back electron transfer was slower in the case of TiO_(2) than HCa_(2)Nb_(3)O_(10),but the electron transfer reaction to I3-was much *** results indicate that Pt/TiO_(2) is useful for reactions with sacrificial reductants(e.g.,EDTA),where the back electron transfer reaction to the more reducible product can be ***,more careful design of the catalyst will be nec-essary when a reversible electron donor is employed.

摘要：Hydrogen is a promising sustainable energy to replace fossil fuels owning to its high specific energy and environmental *** water electrolysis has been considered as one of the most prospective technologies for large scale hydrogen *** boost the sluggish kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in alkaline media,abundant materials have been designed and ***,we summarize the key achievements in the development of layered transition-metal hydroxides[TM(OH)x]for efficient alkaline *** on the structure of TM(OH)x,the mechanism of synergistic effect between TM(OH)x and HER active materials is illuminated ***,recent progress of TM(OH)x-based HER catalysts to optimize the synergistic effect are categorized as TM(OH)x and active materials,including species,structure,morphology and interaction ***,TM(OH)x-based overall water splitting electrocatalysts and electrodes are summarized in the design principles for high activity and ***,some of key challenges for further developments and applications of hydrogen production are proposed.