摘要：分析了我国高层次医学应用型人才培养的现状和存在的问题。介绍了北京大学在完善临床医学专业学位博士研究生培养体系,建立高层次全科医学应用型人才培养体系以及探索医学技术、公共卫生、药学专业高层次医学应用型人才的培养模式等方面的实践经验。认为在加强高层次医学应用型人才培养的进程中,应重视顶层设计,完善制度建设;重视权责明晰,完善管理模式;重视质量评价,完善评估机制。

摘要：目的:分析国家组织药品集中带量采购过程中生产企业是否中选及中选价格的影响因素,探讨带量采购政策效果及是否仍有提升空间。方法:选取第二批至第五批药品集中带量采购涉及品种进行分析,以中选企业是否中选以及价格降幅为因变量,企业特征和竞争因素相关指标为自变量,采用Heckman两阶段模型分析药品价格降幅及是否中选的影响因素,并控制潜在的选择偏倚。结果:原研企业相较于仿制药企业中选概率更低,但是一旦中选其价格降幅相较于仿制药企业高41%;市场份额较小企业相较于原有市场份额较高企业(>50%)中选概率更大,但价格降幅低7%;具备原料药生产加工资质的企业更易中选,但是价格降幅相较于不具备相关资质企业没有显著差异;潜在竞争者数量每增加1%,中选价格降幅增加0.26个百分点,企业中选概率也更低。结论:药品带量采购可以有效促进原研药产生“专利悬崖”现象,理顺药品价格形成机制。具备原料药生产加工资质的企业体现出更强的成本控制能力。同时,在规则设计中可以进一步突出保障供应在中标规则中的重要性、制定动态触发机制或者尝试建立组合投标机制,有利于进一步运用市场机制降低药品价格。

摘要：目的:探讨基于问题的混合式教学模式在医学免疫学实验教学中的设计和应用效果。方法:选择北京大学医学部2017级八年制基础医学专业的96名学生为研究对象,随机分为新模式组和传统模式组,各48名。采用基于问题的教学方法(PBL),结合线上线下混合式教学开展新模式的医学免疫学实验教学,对学生的学习表现、学习效果和考核成绩进行统计分析。结果:与传统模式相比,新模式的医学免疫学实验教学能够充分调动学生的学习积极性,培养学生的科研思维,增强学生的团队合作精神,加深学生对实验内容的理解,提高学生的实验考核成绩。结论:基于问题的混合式教学可提高医学免疫学的实验教学的质量和效果,为实验教学改革提供了新思路。

摘要：临床研究是从临床问题出发,以人为研究对象,针对临床工作中实际问题开展的应用性研究。专科疾病数据库是临床研究的宝贵资源。本文以一项慢性肾脏病患病率调查所建立数据库并开展的多项临床研究为例,详述如何基于PICOS研究框架,在研究设计、研究人群、危险因素和终点事件方面规范和持续地开展临床研究。

摘要：A series of （1E）-phenyl-2-（3＇,4＇-dihydroxyphenyl）ethenesulfonate derivatives were designed and synthesized as anti-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis （ALS） agents, based on the lead compound caffeic acid phenethyl ester （CAPE）. And their neuroprotective activities were evaluated. The results indicated that replacement of the carboxylic ester by sulfonic ester did not produce better neuroprotective activity in the model of LPS induced inflammation in BV2 cells. However, the results in the model of H2O2 induced damage in PC12 cells showed that the neuroprotective activities of all the target compounds and CAPE were about the same.

摘要：2023年发布的《涉及人的生命科学和医学研究伦理审查办法》(以下简称《办法》)首次设立了免除伦理审查制度。该制度设计旨在提升伦理审查效率,但也面临一系列的应用实践挑战。从澄清免除伦理审查的概念入手,简要分析免除伦理审查制度设计的初衷和必要性,同时,以美国为例,介绍了免除伦理审查制度的国际进展以及既往实践的经验教训。最后,针对《办法》提出的免除伦理审查相关要求的重点和难点进行了探讨,并就免除伦理审查的决定主体、标准操作程序,以及免除伦理审查的研究的跟踪审查等应用实践细节提出初步建议。

摘要：The objective of this research was to develop gelatin microspheres（GMSs） and study their properties for *** GMSs were prepared by emulsion chemical crosslinking *** morphology and particle size of GMSs were observed under an optical *** ratio of water absorption and GMSs swelling ratio were *** elasticity of GMSs was studied by TMS-Pro food texture *** deliverability of GMSs through catheter was investigated with a new device designed in this ***,the acetone residue was determined by headspace capillary gas *** dried GMSs were elliptic with corrugated surface and the wet GMSs were round with smooth *** average diameter of dried GMSs was 430.5 μm with a range of 100-1000 μm,and that of wet GMSs was 601.2 μm with a range of 150-1425 μ*** maximum ratio of water absorption was 590.7% and the average swelling ratio was 103.0%.The elasticity of GMSs was proven to be appropriate for *** subgroups of wet GMSs（100-450 μm,450-700 μm and 700-940 μm） were delivered through catheter with acceptable *** content of residual acetone in GMSs was less than the minimum limit in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia ***,we concluded that the GMSs were suitable for embolization according to the applicable properties in *** the methods for assessing the properties of GMSs in this study were going to be useful in the evaluation of embolic microspheres.

摘要：目的:探索咨询师广告的伦理问题。方法:根据现有与心理咨询相关的法律法规编制咨询师广告编码表,分层抽样50个网络广告反映现状并完善编码。结果:编码表包括学历、专业资质、受训、流派、小时数等应有的规范披露,和来访者评论、费用、宣传语中的伦理风险。抽样结果显示,咨询师广告中注明学历、资质和长程培训的分别占56%、72%、32%;说明咨询、督导、个人体验小时数的分别占19%、8%、7%;广告中44%出现评论且好评居多;费用和广告语中存在伦理风险的占72%和54%。结论:当前国内咨询师网络广告应当披露的信息不足,且存在不符伦理法规的虚假和夸大等不实信息。

摘要：Clinical drug-drug interactions（DDIs） induced by CYP3A may reduce the exposure and pharmacological activity of CYP3A ***-regulation of CYP3A mRNA is often used to evaluate inductive effect of test compounds on CYP3A. A quantitative real time PCR assay was developed and validated for the absolute quantification of CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 *** primers of CYP3A1,CYP3A2 and GAPDH（glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,as a house-keeping gene） were well *** relationship between threshold cycle（Ct） and logarithm of the concentrations of CYP3A1, CYP3A2 and GAPDH was linear ranged from 1 attomol/μL to 1×10~6 attomol/uL with great inter- and intra-assay reproducibility. This method was successfully applied to investigate the time courses of CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 mRNA induction in rat liver after 100 mg/kg dexamethasone（DEX） administration by intraperitoneal（i.p.） *** baseline levels of CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 mRNAs were 37.78 attomol/ug（total RNA） and 252.31 attomol/ug（total RNA）,***3A1 and CYP3A2 mRNA values increased gradually to their peak levels（19- and 8- fold ***） within 24 h and 42 h,respectively,and then returned to their baseline 60 h after DEX administration.

摘要：目的通过对氟氧头孢体外抗菌活性数据、蛋白结合率数据、人体药代动力学参数进行药代动力学/药效学(PK/PD)相关性分析,评价不同给药方案时氟氧头孢的PK/PD参数。方法用给药间隔期药物浓度超过最低抑菌浓度的时间百分比(%f T_(>MIC))数据作为与氧氟头孢药效相关的PK/PD指标。用计算出的不同%fT_(>MIC)的目标达成分数(TA%)评估药效。对1 g q6 h,1 g q8 h,1 g q12 h,2 g q12 h氧氟头孢的PK/PD参数(%fT_(>MIC))相应值进行相互比较。最佳给药方案选择:用NONMEM软件,通过蒙特卡罗方法模拟各产生1000个患者群体的数据,考察每一个给药方案对于每一种菌株的药效。结果 1 g q12 h,1 g q8 h,1 g q6 h,输注1 h,对产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)大肠埃希菌70%fT_(>MIC)达到率分别为66.8%,93.8%和89.1%;对产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌70%fT_(>MIC)达到率分别为62.3%,78.7%和81.8%。2 g q12 h给药,50%和70%fT_(>MIC)达到率与q8 h或q6 h类似。但更高的抗菌药效指标达成概率2.0 g q12 h给药不如1 g q8 h或1 g q6 h。对甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌和甲氧西林敏感表皮葡萄球菌等都具有很好的PK/PD特点。结论氟氧头孢作为时间依赖性抗菌药物,无论缩短给药间隔还是延长输液时间,都可一定程度提高疗效。但与延长输注时间相比,尤以缩短给药间隔作用显著。