摘要：An effective evaluation system can provide specific and practical suggestions to the deep groundwater management. But such kind of evaluation system has not been proposed in China. In this study, an evaluation index system is specifically developed to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency. It is composed of three first-level indicators(law enforcement capability, management ability, and management effectiveness) and eleven second-level indicators. The second-level indicators include seven mandatory indicators and four optional indicators. Piecewise linear function is used to normalize the quantitative indicators, and expert scoring method and questionnaire survey method are used to normalize the qualitative indicators. Then a comprehensive indicator weighting evaluation method is used to evaluate the first-level indicators and the target topic. A case study is carried out to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency in Tianjin City. According to the evaluation score in each period, the management efficiency of every district in Tianjin City gradually improved. The overall evaluation score in the early deep groundwater extraction period is 0.12. After a series of deep groundwater protection efforts, this score reached to 0.61 in 2007, and met the regulation criteria. The evaluation results also showed that the further groundwater management efforts in Tianjin City should be focused on building a dynamic database to collect comprehensive deep well-log data; and on a reasonable design and distribution of the groundwater monitoring network. It demonstrated that the index system is suitable to locate the deficiencies of current groundwater management systems and to guide further improvements. It can then be used to protect deep groundwater.

摘要：Hydrogels are a class of special materials that contain a large amount of water and behave like *** materials have found broad applications in tissue engineering,cell culturing,regenerative medicine ***,the exploration of peptide-based supramolecular hydrogels has greatly expanded the repertoire of hydrogels suitable for biomedical ***,the mechanical properties of peptide-based hydrogels are intrinsically ***,it is crucial to develop methods that can improve the mechanical stability of such peptide-based *** this review,we explore the factors that determine or influence the mechanical stability of peptide-based hydrogels and summarize several key elements that may guide scientists to achieve mechanically improved *** addition,we exemplified several methods that have been successfully developed to prepare hydrogels with enhanced mechanical *** mechanically strong peptide-based hydrogels may find broad applications as novel *** is still challenging to engineer hydrogels in order to mimic the mechanical properties of biological *** hydrogel materials with optimal mechanical properties suitable for various types of biological applications will be available in the near future.

摘要：Future climate change is usually projected by coupled earth system models under specific emission scenarios designed by integrated assessment models(IAMs),and this offline approach means there is no interaction between the coupled earth system models and the *** paper introduces a new method to design possible future emission scenarios and corresponding climate change, in which a simple economic and climate damage component is added to the coupled earth system model of Beijing Normal University(BNU-ESM). With the growth of population and technological expertise and the declining emission-to-output ratio described in the Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy model, the projected carbon emission is 13.7 Gt C, resulting in a 2.4 °C warming by the end of the twenty-first century(2080–2099) compared with1980–1999. This paper also suggests the importance of the land and ocean carbon cycle in determining the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. It is hoped that in the near future the next generation of coupled earth system models that include both the natural system and the social dimension will be developed.

摘要：人类活动起源的气溶胶主要分布在北半球,其引发的区域气候响应特征及动力机理仍不清楚.针对这个问题设计的理想化数值试验的结果表明,气溶胶引起的气候变化分为两个阶段:1940~1980年,全球气溶胶增多,引发向北半球输运能量的纬向平均气候响应模态;1980~2020年,气溶胶强迫从西半球向东半球纬向迁移,海盆尺度的海洋-大气耦合过程变得重要,气候响应在太平洋和大西洋间呈现显著的差异.海洋动力过程会减弱纬向平均模态但加强纬向变化模态,特别是太平洋的响应在这两个阶段均呈现拉尼娜型的海温异常分布.本文揭示了气溶胶强迫引发的两个气候响应模态的差异,有利于对历史气候变化的认识和归因.

摘要：高分辨率模式比较计划(HighResMIP)是CMIP6中新增的模式间比较计划,旨在关注水平分辨率对气候模拟的影响。本文介绍了中国科学院大气物理研究所全球25km FGOALS-f3-H和100km FGOALS-f3-L模式的基本信息,以及参与HighResMIP的试验设计,强迫数据,数据后处理方法等信息。水平分辨率25km的FGOALS-f3-H模式和100km FGOALS-f3-L模式由标准外强迫场驱动,且分别在1950-2014和2015-50时段进行两组协同试验,试验编号分别为'highresSST-present'及'highresSST-future'。模拟和预估数据集包含多种输出频率:1小时平均,3小时平均,6小时瞬时,日平均和月平均等。评估结果表明:水平分辨率的提高能够显著改进模式在热带气旋、日变化和极端降水的模拟性能。相较于全球100km低分辨率的FGOALS-f3-L,全球25km的FGOALS-f3-H能够更好的刻画热带气旋的生命周期和全球降水的日变化主要特征,特别是能够准确再现亚洲夏季风的降水日变化峰值时间。该数据集的发布将大大促进水平分辨率对气候模拟和预估影响的相关研究。

摘要：全球降水对人们生产生活和经济发展都至关重要。因此,评估模式对降水的模拟能力至关重要。近期大气物理研究所发布了两套CMIP6试验数据,结合GPCC降水资料,本文评估了两组试验对1900-2014年全球陆地降水以及各半球夏季降水模拟性能。结果表明,无论是年际尺度还是长期趋势的模拟,GMMIP试验均表现出更好的模拟性能。考虑到两组试验设计的角度和海温对年际降水的重要影响,本文探讨了全球海温异常尤其是ENSO事件对全球降水和各半球夏季降水的重要性。结果表明,赤道太平洋地区海温对降水模拟影响显著,其影响主要集中在中低纬地区。这对降水模拟的改进有很大帮助。

摘要：本文介绍了CAS FGOALS-f3-L参加CMIP6 DECK耦合试验数据。主要包括piControl,abrupt-4×CO2和1pctC02的试验设计,模式设置以及初步结果评估。piControl提供了561年的模拟结果,abrupt-4×CO2和1pctCO2分别提供了三组集合成员,每个成员包括160年的积分。初步评估结果表明,piControl试验中,耦合模式可以保证长期稳定积分。在气候态降水模拟上,piControl试验可以合理的再现全球海表温度和降水的基本分布型,相比上一代耦合模式,在ITCZ地区的降水有所改进。另一方面耦合模式的气候敏感度约为3.0℃,相比上一代的耦合模式更为合理。

摘要：本文使用六个不同的最新大气模式进行了协调数值集合实验,评估和量化了全球海表面温度(SST)对1982-2014年冬季早期北极变暖的影响.本研究设计了两组实验:在第一组(EXP1)中,将OISSTv2逐日变化的海冰密集度和SST数据作为下边界强迫场;在第二组(EXP2)中,将逐日变化的SST数据替换为逐日气候态.结果表明:(1)EXP1的多模式集合总体平均值显示0.4℃/10年的近地表(约850 hPa)升温趋势,为再分析数据结果中升温趋势的80%.(2)在这六个模式中,模拟的变暖趋势均很强,幅度为0.36-0.50℃/10年.(3)全球海表温度可以解释北极对流层中低层EXP1的大部分模拟的变暖趋势,占再分析数据结果的58%.(4)再分析数据结果中,北极上空的对流层上层变暖(约200 hPa)不是由强迫信号而可能是由自然气候变率引起的.本文还探索了影响北极初冬变暖的可能源区,并讨论了该研究的局限性.

摘要：The long atmospheric residence time of CO2 creates an urgent need to add atmospheric carbon drawdown to CO2 regulatory *** and systems biology(SSB),which enables manipulation of cellular phenotypes,offers a powerful approach to amplifying and adding new possibilities to current land management practices aimed at reducing atmospheric *** participants(in attendance:Christina Agapakis,George Annas,Adam Arkin,George Church,Robert Cook-Deegan,Charles DeLisi,Dan Drell,Sheldon Glashow,Steve Hamburg,Henry Jacoby,Henry Kelly,Mark Kon,Todd Kuiken,Mary Lidstrom,Mike MacCracken,June Medford,Jerry Melillo,Ron Milo,Pilar Ossorio,Ari Patrinos,Keith Paustian,Kristala Jones Prather,Kent Redford,David Resnik,John Reilly,Richard ***,Daniel Segre,Susan Solomon,Elizabeth Strychalski,Chris Voigt,Dominic Woolf,Stan Wullschleger,and Xiaohan Yang)identified a range of possibilities by which SSB might help reduce greenhouse gas concentrations and which might also contribute to environmental sustainability and *** include,among other possibilities,engineering plants to convert CO2 produced by respiration into a stable carbonate,designing plants with an increased root-to-shoot ratio,and creating plants with the ability to self-fertilize.A number of serious ecological and societal challenges must,however,be confronted and resolved before any such application can be fully assessed,realized,and deployed.