摘要：THE CREATION OF A NEW RESEARCH FIELD： FUNG＇S IDEA ON ENGINEERING TISSUESTissue engineering emerged three decades ago as a distinct research field with the goal to radically change the clinical practice by fabricating in vitro cell-biomaterial assemblies, bioartificial tissues, that could be used as biological tissue substitutes to restore, maintain or improve the functions of diseased or damaged tissues and to eventually solve the problem of organ shortage for transplantations.

摘要：Copy number variants （CNVs） are pervasive in the human genome and are responsible for many Mendelian diseases and genomic disorders. The detection of CNVs is an essential element of a complete mutation screening strategy. Many techniques have been developed for gene dosage testing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification （MLPA） is a robust, easy and flexible technique that can detect both deletions and duplications for more than 40 loci in one assay. It has been widely used in research and diagnostic laboratories. We routinely develop our own MLPA assays for quick validation of array comparative genomic hybridization （CGH） findings. Here we discuss the general principles and critical aspects of MLPA assay development and validation using all synthetic MLPA probes. We believe that MLPA will play important roles in the rapid detection of genomic disorders associated with genomic imbalances, the confirmation of pathogenic mutations involving exonic deletions/duplications, CNV genotyping and population frequency analysis of CNVs.

摘要：Amidst the rapidly expanding integration of large language models(LLMs)across various sectors(ranging from everyday applications to specialized fields demanding stringent regulatory adherence),our investigation seeks to determine how well these models can support medical device software *** device classification functions to systematically categorize devices according to their designated use,associated risk levels,and requisite regulatory oversight,thereby providing a structured framework for ensuring safety and efficacy as mandated by regulatory authorities.

摘要：The distant downstream proportional integral(PI) feedback control was applied to the W-M lateral canal of the Maricopa Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District located in central Arizona,*** configuration of those controls for the ca-nal can be *** this end,an integrated approach to the design of an automatic control system for the canal was *** approach presented herein is not only a systematical review of previous work,but also represents a further ad-vance of the previous simulation study by Tsinghua university(Shang et al,2011) on relating the canal control algorithm to local PI controls for the real *** evaluate the control system potential,performance of the control algorithm that was ob-tained through implanting predicative module into linear quadratic regulator(LQR) was analyzed with singular value *** "manufactured" tests were conducted to compare with the control system that is currently in *** results indi-cated that the developed control system rather than the system in current use had considerable potential to closely match dis-charge at the downstream check structures with those ordered by water users while maintaining the water level throughout the length of the canal.

摘要：Synthetic biology is the process of forward engineering living *** systems can be used to produce biobased materials,agriculture,medicine,and *** approach to designing these systems is to employ techniques from the design of embedded *** techniques include abstraction,standards,modularity,automated design,and formal semantic models of ***,these elements form the foundation of“biodesign automation,”where software,robotics,and microfluidic devices combine to create exciting biological systems of the *** paper describes a“hardware,software,wetware”codesign vision where software tools can be made to act as“genetic compilers”that transform high-level specifications into engineered“genetic circuits”(wetware).This is followed by a process where automation equipment,welldefined experimental workflows,and microfluidic devices are explicitly designed to house,execute,and test these circuits(hardware).These systems can be used as either massively parallel experimental platforms or distributed bioremediation and biosensing ***,scheduling and control algorithms(software)manage these systems’actual execution and data analysis tasks.A distinguishing feature of this approach is how all three of these aspects(hardware,software,and wetware)may be derived from the same basic specification in parallel and generated to fulfill specific cost,performance,and structural requirements.

摘要：Nanomaterials are materials in which at least one of the dimensions of the particles is 100 nm and *** are many types of nanomaterials,but noble metal nanoparticles are of interest due to their uniquely large surface-to-volume ratio,high surface area,optical and electronic properties,high stability,easy synthesis,and tunable surface *** importantly,noble metal nanoparticles are known to have excellent compatibility with bio-materials,which is why they are widely used in biological *** synthesis method of noble metal nanoparticles conventionally involves the reduction of the noble metal salt precursor by toxic reaction agents such as NaBH4,hydrazine,and *** is a major drawback for researchers involved in biological application ***,the bio-synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles(NPs)by bio-materials via bio-reduction provides an alternative method to synthesize noble metal nanoparticles which are potentially non-toxic and safer for biological *** this review,the bio-synthesis of noble metal nanoparticle including gold nanoparticle(AuNPs),silver nanoparticle(AgNPs),platinum nanoparticle(PtNPs),and palladium nanoparticle(PdNPs)are first *** is followed by a discussion of these biosynthesized noble metal in biological applications including antimicrobial,wound healing,anticancer drug,and *** on these,it can be concluded that the study on bio-synthesized noble metal nanoparticles will expand further involving bio-reduction by unexplored ***,many questions remain on the feasibility of bio-synthesized noble metal nanoparticles to replace existing methods on various biological ***,the current development of the biological application by bio-synthesized noble metal NPs is still intensively ongoing,and will eventually reach the goal of full commercialization.

摘要：mRNA疫苗因其免疫原性强、无基因整合风险和低成本制造等天然优势,已在传染病的预防以及癌症治疗等领域展示出巨大的潜力.目前,针对mRNA疫苗面临的稳定性差和蛋白表达效率不高等挑战,研究人员开展了广泛的mRNA设计和优化工作.传统的mRNA疫苗设计依赖于经验和实验结果的反复迭代,而随着人工智能技术的发展, mRNA疫苗设计正向更加理性和高效的方向转变.本文首先系统介绍了各种疫苗的特性,并概述了多款已上市和临床评估阶段的mRNA疫苗.同时,针对mRNA疫苗的优化问题,根据mRNA的五个不同结构区域,分别详细介绍了经验设计和人工智能设计在mRNA疫苗理性设计中的应用和优缺点.最后,讨论了人工智能模型在mRNA疫苗优化中的局限性和未来发展方向.

摘要：Hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis, initially termed non-A, non-B hepatitis, has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. With the help of animal models, our understanding of the virus has grown substantially from the time of initial discovery. There is a paucity of available animal models for the study of HCV, mainly because of the selective susceptibility limited to humans and primates. Recent work has focused modification of animals to permit HCV entry, replication and transmission. In this review, we highlight the currently available models for the study of HCV including chimpanzees, tupaia, mouse and rat models. Discussion will include methods of model design as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Particular focus is dedicated to knowledge of pathophysiologic mechanisms of HCV infection that have been elucidated through animal studies. Research within animal models is critically important to establish a complete understanding of HCV infection, which will ultimately form the basis for future treatments and prevention of disease.

摘要：距离Coulter原理被发现，已经近半个多世纪。运用该原理设计的全自动电子方法主要用于微粒包括血细胞在内的计数和体积测量。虽然分类计数方面有了许多进展，但就全血细胞计数（CBC）本身而言，其基本参数仍然相对稳定。近年来血细胞分析仪在技术和方法学上有许多显著的改进。例如PLT计数，一些仪器现在可以加入抗体进行检测。

摘要：The long atmospheric residence time of CO2 creates an urgent need to add atmospheric carbon drawdown to CO2 regulatory *** and systems biology(SSB),which enables manipulation of cellular phenotypes,offers a powerful approach to amplifying and adding new possibilities to current land management practices aimed at reducing atmospheric *** participants(in attendance:Christina Agapakis,George Annas,Adam Arkin,George Church,Robert Cook-Deegan,Charles DeLisi,Dan Drell,Sheldon Glashow,Steve Hamburg,Henry Jacoby,Henry Kelly,Mark Kon,Todd Kuiken,Mary Lidstrom,Mike MacCracken,June Medford,Jerry Melillo,Ron Milo,Pilar Ossorio,Ari Patrinos,Keith Paustian,Kristala Jones Prather,Kent Redford,David Resnik,John Reilly,Richard ***,Daniel Segre,Susan Solomon,Elizabeth Strychalski,Chris Voigt,Dominic Woolf,Stan Wullschleger,and Xiaohan Yang)identified a range of possibilities by which SSB might help reduce greenhouse gas concentrations and which might also contribute to environmental sustainability and *** include,among other possibilities,engineering plants to convert CO2 produced by respiration into a stable carbonate,designing plants with an increased root-to-shoot ratio,and creating plants with the ability to self-fertilize.A number of serious ecological and societal challenges must,however,be confronted and resolved before any such application can be fully assessed,realized,and deployed.