摘要：设计师最常使用的是热敏电阻器而不是温度传感器，因为热敏电阻器有更高的灵敏度．以及小巧、经济和小的时间常数。但是．大多数热敏电阻器的电阻一温度特性是高度非线性的，对于要求线性响应的应用来说必须作校正。图1是一个用热敏电阻器作传感器的简单电路，它的时间周期随温度呈线性变化，

摘要：The productivity of an organization is very much affected by non-value adding activity like logistics, which moves the resources from suppliers to factory, raw materials/semi-finished items within the factory and finished goods from factory to customers via a designated distribution channel called as forward logistics. In some cases, parts of the products such as automobiles, computers, cameras, mobile phones, washing machines, refrigerators, garments, footwear and empty glass bottles of beverages, etc. will be brought back to the factories as a product recovery strategy through reverse logistics network which is integrated in a sustainable closed loop supply chain network. So, it is highly essential to optimize the movement of the items in the reverse logistics network. This paper gives a comprehensive review of literature of the design of networks for the reverse logistics as well as for the reverse logistics coupled with forward logistics. The contributions of the researchers are classified into nine categories based on the methods used to design the logistics network.

摘要：The implementation of closed loop supply chain system is becoming essential for fashion leather products industry to ensure an economically sustainable business model and eco-friendly industrial practice as demanded by the environmental regulations, consumer awareness and the prevailing social consciousness. In this context, this research work addresses a closed loop supply chain network problem of fashion leather goods industry, with an objective of minimizing the total cost of the entire supply chain and also reducing the total waste from the end of life product returns. The research work commenced with a literature review on the reverse and closed loop supply chain network design problems of fashion and leather goods industry dealt in the past. Then, the identified CLSCND problem is solved using a mathematical model based on Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programme (MINLP) and then a suitable Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) developed for the CLSCND is implemented for obtaining optimum solution. Both the MINLP model and HGA are customized as per the CLSCND problem chosen and implemented for the industrial case of an Indian Fashion Leather Goods Industry. Finally, the solutions obtained for MINLP model in LINGO 15 and for HGA in *** platform are compared and presented. The optimum solution obtained from the suitable HGA is illustrated as an optimum shipment pattern for the closed loop supply chain network design problem of the fashion leather goods industry case.

摘要：地点:印度chennai结核病研究中心。目的:利用表型和基因型方法快速鉴定耐多药结核分枝杆菌。设计:对两种基因型分析方法,即 DNA测序法和聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)法和一种表型分析方法,即噬菌体生物增殖法(phaB)进行了实验室内的标准化,并利用这三种方法测定101株RFPr和100株RFPs临床分离结核分枝杆菌 的利福平耐药性。结果和结论:将三种方法的检测结果与常规间接药敏实验进行比较。DNA测序法的灵敏度和特异度分别为97％和100％,PCR-SSCP法为76％和100％,而phaB实验为97％和84％。DNA测序法的灵敏度和特异度高于其它两种方法。

摘要：减轻组织的机械性压力在治愈糖尿病相关的足溃疡所需的多种干预措施中最为重要。本文是2023年国际糖尿病足工作组(IWGDF)发布的减压治疗促进糖尿病相关的足溃疡愈合的循证指南,也是对2019年IWGDF指南的更新。我们遵循推荐、评估、发展和评价分级(GRADE)方法学,以患者-干预-比较-结局(patient-intervention-control-outcome,PICO)模式设计临床问题和重要结果,进行系统评价和Meta分析,制定评判表汇总,为每个问题编写推荐和理由。每项推荐都是基于系统综述中发现的证据,在无证据情况下则采用专家意见,以及对判断项目的GRADE等级总结进行仔细权衡,包括可预期和不可预期的影响、证据的确定性、患者价值、所需资源、成本效益、公平性、可行性和可接受性。为了治愈糖尿病患者神经性前足底或中足底溃疡,要使用不可拆卸的齐膝高减压装置作为首选减压干预措施。如果患者存在对不可拆卸减压装置的禁忌证或不能耐受,考虑使用可拆卸齐膝(或踝)高减压装置作为减压干预措施的第二选择。如果无可用的减压装置,考虑使用合适的鞋具结合毡制泡沫作为减压干预措施的第三选择。如果这种非手术减压治疗不能治愈前足底溃疡,可以考虑跟腱延长术、跖骨头切除术、关节置换术或跖骨截骨术。为了治疗继发于屈趾畸形的神经性足底或小趾远端溃疡,可行趾屈肌腱切开术。为了促进后足、非足底或并发感染或缺血的溃疡的愈合,提出了进一步的推荐。所有推荐都已在减压临床路径中进行了总结,以帮助促进本指南在临床实践中的实施。这些减压推荐将帮助医务人员为糖尿病相关的足溃疡患者提供最佳的治疗和预后,降低患者感染、住院和截肢的风险。

摘要：创面处理的原则,包括清创、创面准备和使用涉及改变创面生理以促进愈合的新技术,在试图治愈慢性糖尿病相关的足溃疡时是至关重要的。此外,糖尿病相关的足溃疡的发病率和治疗成本不断上升,这就需要结合作为金标准的多学科治疗已有共识,运用高质量的疗效和成本效益证据来支持和加强慢性糖尿病相关的足溃疡创面愈合的干预措施。本指南是2023年国际糖尿病足工作组(IWGDF)针对促进糖尿病患者足溃疡愈合的干预措施的循证指南。它是对2019年IWGDF指南的更新。我们遵循推荐、评估、发展、评价分级(GRADE)方法,以患者-干预-对照-结果(PICO)形式设计临床问题从而得出重要结果,进行系统综述,制定评判表汇总,并为每个问题撰写推荐和理由。每条推荐的形式都是基于系统综述中发现的证据,并使用GRADE评判汇总项目,包括理想和不理想的效果、证据的可信度、对患者的价值、所需的资源、成本效益、公平性、可行性和可接受性;我们制定的推荐由作者同意并由独立专家和利益相关者审查。根据系统综述和从证据到决策过程的结果,我们提出29条推荐。我们对使用干预措施改善糖尿病患者足溃疡的愈合提出了一些有条件的支持性推荐。这些推荐包括蔗糖八硫酸盐敷料的使用,对手术后的创面使用负压疗法,使用胎盘衍生产品,使用自体白细胞、血小板、纤维蛋白贴剂,使用局部氧疗,以及使用高压氧,但我们强调在任何情况下这些推荐应在单独应用最佳标准治疗无法治愈伤口且有资源可用于干预的情况下使用。这些关于创面愈合的推荐应该有助于提高糖尿病伴足溃疡患者的疗效,我们希望这些推荐能得到广泛的实施。然而,尽管作为推荐基础的许多证据的准确性正在提高,但总体上仍然很差,我们鼓励在这一领域进行更多、质量更好的试验,包括那些有关卫生经济学分析的试验。

摘要：AIM:To assess the symptomatic efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v(*** 299v)(DSM 9843) for the relief of abdominal symptoms in a large subset of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) patients fulfilling the Rome Ⅲ ***:In this double blind,placebo-controlled,parallel-designed study,subjects were randomized to daily receive either one capsule of *** 299v(DSM 9843) or placebo for 4 *** and intensity of abdominal pain,bloating and feeling of incomplete rectal emptying were assessed weekly on a visual analogue scale while stool frequency was ***:Two hundred and fourteen IBS patients were *** 4 wk,both pain severity(0.68 + 0.53 vs 0.92 + 0.57,P < 0.05) and daily frequency(1.01 + 0.77 vs 1.71 + 0.93,P < 0.05) were lower with *** 299v(DSM 9843) than with *** results were obtained for *** week 4,78.1 % of the patients scored the *** 299v(DSM 9843) symptomatic effect as excellent or good vs only 8.1 % for placebo(P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:A 4-wk treatment with *** 299v(DSM 9843) provided effective symptom relief,particularly of abdominal pain and bloating,in IBS patients fulfilling the Rome Ⅲ criteria.

摘要：背景﹕印度六个区的政府卫生机构。目的﹕估算咳嗽的发生率及比较咳嗽≥2周或≥3周的门诊病人涂阳结核病的发现情况。设计﹕由经过培训的卫生人员询问每一病人的咳嗽情况,咳嗽≥2周者进行痰显微镜检查。结果﹕在调查的55561例门诊病人中,咳嗽≥2周者2210例(4%),其中267例为涂阳结核病,而咳嗽≥3周者则为182/1370。31%病人无咳嗽主诉,涂阳可能性显著低于有咳嗽主诉者(各为45/680[7%]、222/1530[15%],P<0.001)。但在267例涂阳病人中占45例。如以咳嗽≥2周为痰显微镜检查筛选标准,估计在初级、二级卫生机构每天进行涂片检查各为8次与19次,如以咳嗽≥3周为标准则各为5次及12次。结论﹕认真询问门诊病人的咳嗽情况以及将咳嗽≥3周改为≥2周作为痰检的筛选标准可以显著提高涂阳结核病人的发现。但在全国实施此改变前需对其进行规划可行性评估。

摘要：接收单电池供电的LED驱动器正受到广泛关注。为了使低电压电源产生能够点亮白光LED的高电压．需要某种电子振荡器．最简单的为压电蜂鸣器。一种特别的压电传感器可用作振荡器并驱动白光LED（图1）。压电模片或弯曲板由压电陶瓷片组成，带双面电极，用可传导黏合剂贴在黄铜、不锈钢或类似材料制成的金属板上。该电路采用一个三端压电传感器。在这个传感器中．模片在其中一个电极上有反馈标记。

摘要：为保护环境、节能减排,推进可再生能源――波浪能的利用,回顾波浪能发电技术发展史,从波浪能转换装置优化和应用两方面概述其发展情况,分析波浪能发电装置在船舶上的应用实例,归纳适合各种船舶特点的波浪能发电装置类型,总结波浪能发电装置在船舶上的应用趋势:在船舶设计初期,充分考虑波浪能的利用;将波浪能发电作为船舶辅助和生活用电;将波浪能与其他新能源联合应用。将可再生能源波浪能应用在船舶发电上,可有效降低船舶排放,有利于人类社会可持续发展。