摘要：The accomplishment of further optimization of crop productivity in grain yield and quality is a great *** size is one of the crucial determinants of rice yield and quality;all of these traits are typical quantitative traits controlled by multiple *** advances have revealed several molecular and developmental pathways that govern these traits of agronomical *** review provides a comprehensive summary of these pathways,including those mediated by G-protein,the ubiquitin–proteasome system,mitogen-activated protein kinase,phytohormone,transcriptional regulators,and storage product biosynthesis and *** also generalize the excellent precedents for rice variety improvement of grain size and quality,which utilize newly developed gene editing and conventional gene pyramiding *** addition,we discuss the rational and accurate breeding strategies,with the aim of better applying molecular design to breed high-yield and superior-quality varieties.

摘要：Dear Editor,rice(Oryza sativa)is one of the most important food crops as well as a model plant for basic *** bacterial blight(BB)caused by Xanthomonas oryzae ***(Xoo)is a devastating bacterial disease worldwide(Mew et al.,1993),affecting millions of hectares of rice annually,with an estimated crop loss of as high as 75%.Upon invasion of rice cells,Xoo secretes transcription activator-like effectors(TALEs)to activate the host Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters(SWEET)genes to obtain nutrition for bacterial growth,because the induced SWEET transports more sugars to where the bacteria reside(Boch and Bonas,2010).

摘要：rice(Oryza sativa)spikelets are a unique inflorescence structure and their development directly determines grain size and *** many genes related to spikelet development have been reported,the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have not been fully *** this study,we identified a new recessive rice mutant,lacking rudimentary glume 1(lrg1).The lrg1 spikelets only formed one rudimentary glume,which,along with the sterile lemmas,was homeotically transformed into lemma-like organs and acquired lemma *** transition from the spikelet to the floral meristem was delayed in the lrg1 mutant,resulting in the formation of an ectopic lemma-like organ between the sterile lemma and the terminal *** addition,we found that the abnormal lrg1 grain phenotype resulted from the alteration of cell numbers and the hull ***1 encodes a ZOS4-06-C2H2 zinc-finger protein with the typical EAR motifs,and is expressed in all organs and ***1 localizes to the nucleus and can interact with the TOPLESS-RELATED PROTEINs(TPRs)to repress the expressions of their downstream target *** together,our results reveal that LRG1 plays an important role in the regulation of spikelet organ identity and grain size.

摘要：2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势,重大成果频出,具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈,如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中,有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外,值得一提的是,长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果"水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计"荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理,旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态,与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。