摘要：Nerve regeneration holds significant potential in the treatment of various skeletal and neurological disorders to restore lost sensory and motor *** potential of nerve regeneration in ameliorating neurological diseases and injuries is critical to human ***-dimensional(3D)printing offers versatility and precision in the fabrication of neural *** neural structures such as neural tubes and scaffolds can be fabricated via *** reviewcomprehensively analyzes the current state of 3D-printed neural scaffolds and explores strategies to enhance their *** highlights therapeutic strategies and structural design involving neural materials and stem ***,nerve regeneration materials and their fabrication techniques are *** applications of conductive materials in neural scaffolds are reviewed,and their potential to facilitate neural signal transmission and regeneration is ***,the progress in 3D-printed neural scaffolds applied to the peripheral and central nerves is comprehensively evaluated,and their potential to restore neural function and promote the recovery of different nervous systems is *** addition,various applications of 3D-printed neural scaffolds in peripheral and neurological diseases,as well as the design strategies of multifunctional biomimetic scaffolds,are discussed.

摘要：Penetrating head injury is rare,and thus management of such injuries is *** diagnosis and intraoperative comprehensive exploration are necessary considering the complexity and severity of the ***,because of the lack of microsurgical techniques in local hospitals,the possible retained foreign bodies and other postoperative complications such as cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)leak usually require a rational design for a secondary operation to deal *** present a case of a 15-year-old boy who was stabbed with a bamboo stick in his left *** chopsticks passed through the orbit roof and penetrated the skull *** subsequent days,the patient sustained CSF leak and intracranial infection after an unsatisfied primary treatment in the local hospital and had to request a secondary operation in our *** tomography including plain scan,three dimension recon-struction and computed tomographic angiography are used to determine the course and extent of head injury.A frontal craniotomy was *** pieces of stick were found residual and removed with the comminuted orbit bone fragments.A pedicled temporalis muscle fascia graft was applied to repair the frontier skull base and a free temporalis muscle flap to seal the frontal sinus *** broad-spectrum antibiotics of vancomycin and meropenem were administrated for persistent fever after *** external drainage system continued for 12 days,and was removed 10 days after tem-perature returned to *** Glasgow coma scale score was improved to 15 at postoperative day 7 and the patient was discharged at day 22 *** believe that appropriate preoperative surgical plan and thorough surgical exploration by microsurgery is essential for attaining a favorable outcome,especially in secondary *** postoperative recovery depends on successfully management before and after operation for possible complications as well.