摘要：In pursuit of low-cost direct formic acid fuel cells,tungsten carbide(WC)supported Pd catalyst is considered as an ideal candidate for efficient decomposition of formic acid due to low Pd utilization and excellent ***,different adsorption configurations and active sites of the intermediates,involved in the HCOOH decomposition,on WC(0001)-supported Pd monolayer(Pd/WC(0001))surface investigated by using density functional *** results reveal that trans-HCOOH,HCOO,cis-COOH,trans-COOH,HCO,CO,H2 O,OH and H exhibit chemisorption on Pd/WC(0001)surface,whereas cis-HCOOH and CO2 exhibit weak interactions with Pd/WC(0001)*** addition,the minimum energy pathways of HCOOH decomposition are analyzed to generate CO and CO2 due to the fracture of C–H,H–O and C–O *** adsorbed HCOOH,HCOO,mH COO,cis-COOH and trans-COOH configurations exhibit dissociation rather than *** formation occurs through the decomposition of cis-COOH,trans-COOH and HCO,whereas the CO2 formation happens due to the decomposition of *** is found that the most favorable pathway for HCOOH decomposition on Pd/WC(0001)surface is HCOOH→HCOO→CO2,where the formation of CO2 from HCOO dehydrogenation determines the reaction ***,CO2 is the most dominant product of HCOOH decomposition on Pd/WC(0001)*** presence of WC,as monolayer Pd carrier,does not alter the catalytic behavior of Pd and significantly reduces the Pd utilization.

摘要：Seeking catalysts with high electrocatalytic activity for ambient-condition N2 reduction reaction (NRR) remains an ongoing challenge due to the chemical inertness of ***,defect-rich WS2 nanosheets (WS2-x) were designed as an efficient electrocatalyst for NRR,which were prepared via vulcanizing the oxygen-vacancy-rich tungsten oxide in a vacuum *** sulfur defects were conducive to the adsorption and activation of *** neutral electrolyte of 0.1 mol L^(-1)Na2SO_(4) at-0.60 V *** hydrogen electrode,such WS2-xoffered a high Faradaic efficiency of 12.1%with a NH3generation rate of 16.38μg h-1mg-1cat..

摘要：Electrochemical energy conversion technologies involving processes such as water splitting and O_(2)/CO_(2) reduction,provide promising solutions for addressing global energy scarcity and minimizing adverse environmental ***,due to a lack of an in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanisms and the nature of the active sites,further advancement of these techniques has been limited by the development of efficient and robust ***,in situ characterization of these electrocatalytic processes under working conditions is *** this review,recent applications of in situ Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy for various nano-and single-atom catalysts in energy-related reactions are *** cases are highlighted,including the capture of oxygen-containing intermediate species formed during the reduction of oxygen and oxidation of hydrogen,and the detection of catalyst structural transformations occurring with the change in potential during the evolution of oxygen and reduction of CO_(2).Finally,the challenges and outlook for advancing in situ spectroscopic technologies to gain a deeper fundamental understanding of these energy-related electrocatalytic processes are discussed.

摘要：The rate-determining process for sodium storage in TiO2 is greatly depending on charge transfer happening in the electrode materials owing to its inferior diffusion coefficient and electronic *** from reducing the diffusion distance of ion/electron,the increasement of ionic/electronic mobility in the crystal lattice is also very important for charge ***,an oxygen vacancy(OV)engineering assisted in high-content anion(S/Se/P)doping strategy to enhance charge transfer kinetics for ultrafast sodium-storage performance is *** calculations indicate that OV-engineering evokes spontaneous S doping into the TiO2 phase and achieves high dopant concentration to bring about impurity state electron donor and electronic delocalization over S occupied sites,which can largely reduce the migration barrier of Na+.To realize the speculation,high-content anion doped anatase TiO2/C composites(9.82 at%for S in A-TiO2–x-S/C)are elaborately *** optimized A-TiO2–x-S/C anode exhibits extraordinarily high-rate capability with 209.6 mAh g-1at 5000 mA *** assembled sodium ion capacitors deliver an ultrahigh energy density of 150.1 Wh kg-1at a power density of 150 W kg-1when applied as anode *** work provides a new strategy to realize high content anion doping concentration,and enhances the charge transfer kinetics for TiO2,which delivers an efficient approach for the design of electrode materials with fast kinetic.

摘要：Semiconductor fabrication is a manufacturing sequence with hundreds of sophisticated unit operations and it is always challenged by strategy development for ensuring the yield of defect-free *** this paper,an advanced control strategy through integrating product and process control is *** proposed multiscale scheme contains three layers for coordinated equipment control,process control and product quality *** the upper layer,online control performance assessment is applied to reduce the quality variation and maximize the overall product performance （OPP）.It serves as supervisory control to update the recipe of the process controller in the middle *** process controller is designed as an exponentially weighted moving average （EWMA） run-to-run controller to reject disturbances,such as process shift,drift and tool worn out,that are exerted to the *** equipment in the process is individually controlled to maintain its optimal operational status and maximize the overall equipment effectiveness （OEE）,based on the set point given by the process *** ef-ficacy of the proposed integrated control scheme is demonstrated through case studies,where both the OPP （for product） and the OEE （for equipment） are enhanced.

摘要：Bio-nanochannels in living organisms participate in the physiological activities by selectively transporting ions through cell *** structure and function of biological ion channels inspire the development of artificial ion nanochannels with practical *** bioinspired nanochannels based on polymer materials present good mechanical stability,high-performance ion transport and designability,which have attracted much *** this review,we mainly focus on the fabrication and application of polymer-based biomimetic nanochannels especially in environmentally responsive biosensor and energy *** firstly introduce the basic understanding of nanochannels in ion regulation and osmotic energy ***,we discuss the fabrication methods of polymer-based nanochannels and highlight their advantages compared with other *** practical applications of polymer-based biomimetic nanochannels,especially in energy conversion and environmentally responsive biosensor,are detailedly ***,we summarize the unsolved problems in bioinspired nanochannels and overview the further developing direction in this field.

摘要：The development of highly potential electrocatalysts for acidic water electrolysis is particularly desirable for many energy‐related ***,we demonstrated a versatile strategy to activate and stabilize RuO_(2)‐based electrocatalyst for acidic water splitting by a trace of Pt,where Pt plays an essential role in promoting oxygen evolution reaction(OER),and can simultaneously act as the active site for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Compared with pure Ru oxide nanosheet assemblies(Ru ONAs),the“5%Pt‐containing”Ru ONAs(5%Pt‐Ru ONAs)achieve much enhanced OER activity in 0.5 and 0.05 mol/L H_(2)SO_(4),with much lower overpotentials of 227 and 234 mV at 10 mA cm^(‒2),*** and theoretical analyses reveal that the atomically dispersed Pt incorporating into RuO_(2)lattice is conducive to increasing the concentration of O vacancies,which effectively enhances the interaction with reaction intermediate and thus lowers the energy barrier for the formation of OOH*.Moreover,benefited from the presence of Pt,the formation of RuO_(2)is more achievable when proper annealing is *** addition to OER,due to the presence of active Pt,the HER performance of 5%Pt‐Ru ONAs can also be ensured,thereby realizing efficient acidic overall water ***,the excellent activity can also be achieved without sacrificing *** work highlights an attractive strategy for designing active and stable RuO_(2)‐based electrocatalysts for acidic overall water splitting.

摘要：Design and control of pressure-swing distillation(PSD) with different heat integration modes for the separation of methyl acetate/methanol azeotrope are explored using Aspen Plus and Aspen Dynamics. First, an optimum steady-state separation configuration conditions are obtained via taking the total annual cost(TAC) or total reboiler heat duty as the objective functions. The results show that about 27.68% and 25.40% saving in TAC can be achieved by the PSD with full and partial heat integration compared to PSD without heat integration. Second,temperature control tray locations are obtained according to the sensitivity criterion and singular value decomposition(SVD) analysis and the single-end control structure is effective based on the feed composition sensitivity analysis. Finally, the comparison of dynamic controllability is made among various control structures for PSD with partial and full heat integration. It is shown that both control structures of composition/temperature cascade and pressure-compensated temperature have a good dynamic response performance for PSD with heat integration facing feed flowrate and composition disturbances. However, PSD with full heat integration performs the poor controllability despite of a little bit of economy.

摘要：The design of electrocatalysts with enhanced adsorption and activation of nitrogen(N2)is critical for boosting the electrochemical N2reduction(ENR).Herein,we developed an efficient strategy to facilitate N2 adsorption and activation for N2 electroreduction into ammonia(NH3)by vacancy engineering of core@shell structured Au@Sn O2 nanoparticles(NPs).We found that the ultrathin amorphous SnO2 shell with enriched oxygen vacancies was conducive to adsorb N2as well as promoted the N2 activation,meanwhile the metallic Au core ensured the good electrical conductivity for accelerating electrons transport during the electrochemical N2 reduction reaction,synergistically boosting the N2 electroreduction *** confirmed by the15N-labeling and controlled experiments,the core@shell Au@amorphous SnO2 NPs with abundant oxygen vacancies show the best performance for N2 electroreduction with the NH3 yield rate of 21.9 lg h-1mg-1catand faradaic efficiency of 15.2%at-10.2 VRHE,which surpass the Au@crystalline SnO2 NPs,individual Au NPs and all reported Au-based catalysts for ENR.

摘要：Hollow structuring has been intensively studied as an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials for rechargeable batteries in terms of specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling performance. To date, hollow structured anode materials have been extensively investigated, while hollow structured cathode materials(HSCMs) are relatively less explored because of the difficulties in morphological control as well as the concern of reduced volumetric capacities. In this paper, we provide an overview of the research advances in the synthesis and evolution of HSCMs for metal(Li, Na, etc.) ion batteries. Attributing to the advantages of hollow structures including high surface area, excellent accessibility to active sites, and enhanced mass transport and diffusion, hollow structuring can significantly improve the performance of high-capacity cathode materials with low kinetics, such as lithium rich layered oxides, silicates, and V2O5. It is anticipated that the precise and facile control of the spatial configuration can balance the electrochemical performance of HSCMs and the volumetric capacities of HSCMs, leading to practical high-performance batteries.