摘要：In the Lancang‒Mekong River basin(LMRB),agriculture,dominating the local economy,faces increasing challenges in water supply under climate *** projection of future precipitation in this basin is essential for understanding the *** this study,the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model was applied to project the LMRB *** with the historical period(1986e2005),we analyzed the changes of both the projected precipitation amount and the frequency of rainless(100 mm d
1)for three periods,namely the near-term(2016e2035),mid-term(2046e2065),and long-term(2080e2099).The results indicate that the precipitation amount during the wet season(AprileOctober)is expected to increase in most areas of the basin for the three *** for the precipitation during the dry season(NovembereMarch),an increase is projected in most areas for the near-term,while an increase in the lower reach of the basin and a decrease in the upper and middle reach for the mid-term and *** precipitation reduction is expected to be greatest in Myanmar,Laos,Thailand,and Yunnan province of China for the *** frequency of precipitation in different intensities has prominent regional and temporal *** the wet season,the days of rainless and light rain are expected to decrease in the middle reach,whereas the days of rainstorm and heavy rainstorm *** feature is especially strong in southern Thailand,southern Laos and Cambodia in the near-term and in Laos and Thailand for the mid-term and *** the dry season,there are projected increasing rainless days and decreasing days of precipitation for the other intensities in the middle reach,and opposite in the rest area of the *** projected precipitation changes have potential various impact in different parts of the *** middle re

摘要：The North China Plain often su ers heavy haze pollution events in the cold season due to the rapid industrial development and urbanization in recent *** the winter of 2015,the megacity cluster of Beijing Tianjin Hebei experienced a seven-day extreme haze pollution episode with peak PM2.5(particulate matter(PM)with an aerodynamic diameter≤2.5μm)concentration of 727μg m *** the in uence of meteorological conditions on pollu-tant evolution,the e ects of varying initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions(LBCs)of the WRF-Chem model on PM2.5 concentration variation were investigated through ensemble methods.A control run(CTRL)and three groups of ensemble experiments(INDE,BDDE,INBDDE)were carried out based on difierent initial conditions and LBCs derived from ERA5 reanalysis data and its 10 ensemble *** CTRL run reproduced the meteorological conditions and the overall life cycle of the haze event reasonably well,but failed to capture the intense oscillation of the instantaneous PM2.5 ***,the ensemble forecasting showed a considerable advantage to some *** with the CTRL run,the root-mean-square error(RMSE)of PM2.5 concentration decreased by 4.33%,6.91%,and 8.44%in INDE,BDDE and INBDDE,respectively,and the RMSE decreases of wind direction(5.19%,8.89%and 9.61%)were the dominant reason for the improvement of PM2.5 concentration in the three ensemble *** on this case,the ensemble scheme seems an e ective method to improve the prediction skill of wind direction and PM2.5 concentration by using the WRF-Chem model.

摘要：A regional climate model(RegCM4)is used to project climate change over China in the twenty-first century under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 *** driving GCM is CSIRO Mk3.6.0(hereafter referred to simply as CSIRO),and the simulation(hereafter referred to as CdR)is run at a grid spacing of 25 *** focus of the present paper is on the changes in mean surface air temperature and precipitation in December–January–February(DJF)and June–July–August(JJA)over *** of the model performances is provided first,followed by a comparison of future changes projected by CSIRO and *** warming in the future is simulated by both models,being more pronounced in DJF compared to JJA,and under RCP8.5 compared to *** warming shows different spatial patterns and,to a less extent,magnitude between CSIRO and *** change shows a general increase in DJF and a mixture of increase and decrease in *** differences between the two models are found in for precipitation change in *** paper further emphasizes the uncertainties in climate change projection over the region.

摘要：The climate variability in global land precipitation is important for the global hydrological *** on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)historical experiments and the Global Monsoons Model Intercomparison Project(GMMIP)Tier-1 experiments,the spatialtemporal characteristics of global and regional land precipitation long-term climate changes in CAS FGOALS-f3-L are evaluated in this *** comparing these two kinds of experiments,the precipitation biases related to the SSTs are also *** results show that the two experiments could capture the precipitation trend and amplitude to a certain degree compared with *** GMMIP simulations show a higher skill than the historical runs verified by correlation coefficients partly because the observed monthly mean SST was *** the Northern Hemisphere,GMMIP can reproduce the trend and variability in global precipitation,while historical simulations cannot reproduce the trend and ***,both experiments fail to simulate the amplitude of the southern hemisphere summer precipitation *** empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)was applied to compare the simulated precipitation on different time *** sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)bias,especially the La Ni?a-type SSTA,is the dominant source of the model bias for simulating interannual precipitation *** authors also emphasize that the response of precipitation anomalies to the ENSO effect varies *** study highlights the importance of the multiannual variability in SSTAs in global and hemispheric precipitation *** ways to improve the simulation of global precipitation for CAS FGOALS-f3-L are also discussed.

摘要：The datasets of the Chinese Academy of sciences(CAS)Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS-f3-L)model for the baseline experiment of the fully coupled runs in the Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima(DECK)common experiments of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6)are described in this *** CAS FGOALS-f3-L model team submitted the pi Control run with a near equilibrium ocean state for 561 model years,and 160-year integrations for three ensemble members of abrupt-4×CO2 and 1pct CO2,*** ensemble members restart from the 600,650 and 700 model years in the pi Control run,*** baseline performances of the model are validated in this *** preliminary evaluation suggests that the CAS FGOALS-f3-L model can preserve the long-term stability well for a mean net radiation flux of 0.31 W m-2at the top of the atmosphere,and a limited decreasing trend of-0.03 W m-2/100 *** global annual mean SST is 16.45°C for the 561-year mean,with an increase of 0.03°C/100 *** model captures the basic spatial patterns of climate-mean SST and precipitation,but still underestimates the SST over the warm *** coupled model mitigates the precipitation bias in the ITCZ compared with the results from ***,the model’s climate sensitivity represented by the equilibrium climate sensitivity has been reduced from 4.5°C in CMIP5 to 3.0°C in *** these datasets contribute to the benchmark of model behaviors for the desired continuity of CMIP.

摘要：The Lancang–Mekong River basin(LMRB) is under increasing threat from global warming. In this paper, the projection of future climate in the LMRB is explored by focusing on the temperature change and extreme temperature events. First, the authors evaluate the bias of temperature simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Then, correction is made for the simulation by comparing with observation based on the non-parametric quantile mapping using robust empirical quantiles(RQUANT) method. Furthermore, using the corrected model results, the future climate projections of temperature and extreme temperature events in this basin during 2016–35, 2046–65, and 2080–99 are analyzed. The study shows that RQUANT can effectively reduce the bias of simulation results. After correction, the simulation can capture the spatial features and trends of mean temperature over the LMRB, as well as the extreme temperature events. Besides, it can reproduce the spatial and temporal distributions of the major modes. In the future, the temperature will keep increasing, and the warming in the southern basin will be more intense in the wet season than the dry season. The number of extreme high-temperature days exhibits an increasing trend, while the number of extreme low-temperature days shows a decreasing trend. Based on empirical orthogonal function analysis, the dominant feature of temperature over this basin shows a consistent change. The second mode shows a seesaw pattern.

摘要：The High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project(HighResMIP)is a unique model intercomparison project in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6),which is focused on the impact of horizontal *** outputs of the high-and low-resolution versions of CAS FGOALS-f3-H and CAS FGOALS-f3-L for the experiments of the HighResMIP simulations in CMIP6 are described in this *** models and their configurations,experimental settings,and postprocessing methods are all *** FGOALS-f3-H,with a 0.25°horizontal resolution,and CAS FGOALS-f3-L,with a 1°horizontal resolution,were forced by the standard external conditions,and two coordinated sets of simulations were conducted for 1950–2014 and 2015–50 with the Experiment IDs of‘highresSST-present’and‘highresSST-future’,*** model outputs contain multiple time scales including the required hourly mean,three-hourly mean,six-hourly transient,daily mean,and monthly mean *** is reported that the 0.25°CAS FGOALS-f3-H successfully simulates some of the key challenges in climate modeling,including the average lifetime of tropical cyclones,particularly in the western parts of the northern Pacific Ocean,and the diurnal cycle of hourly *** datasets will contribute to the benchmarking of current models for CMIP,and studies of the impacts of horizontal resolutions on climate modeling issues.

摘要：The long atmospheric residence time of CO2 creates an urgent need to add atmospheric carbon drawdown to CO2 regulatory *** and systems biology(SSB),which enables manipulation of cellular phenotypes,offers a powerful approach to amplifying and adding new possibilities to current land management practices aimed at reducing atmospheric *** participants(in attendance:Christina Agapakis,George Annas,Adam Arkin,George Church,Robert Cook-Deegan,Charles DeLisi,Dan Drell,Sheldon Glashow,Steve Hamburg,Henry Jacoby,Henry Kelly,Mark Kon,Todd Kuiken,Mary Lidstrom,Mike MacCracken,June Medford,Jerry Melillo,Ron Milo,Pilar Ossorio,Ari Patrinos,Keith Paustian,Kristala Jones Prather,Kent Redford,David Resnik,John Reilly,Richard ***,Daniel Segre,Susan Solomon,Elizabeth Strychalski,Chris Voigt,Dominic Woolf,Stan Wullschleger,and Xiaohan Yang)identified a range of possibilities by which SSB might help reduce greenhouse gas concentrations and which might also contribute to environmental sustainability and *** include,among other possibilities,engineering plants to convert CO2 produced by respiration into a stable carbonate,designing plants with an increased root-to-shoot ratio,and creating plants with the ability to self-fertilize.A number of serious ecological and societal challenges must,however,be confronted and resolved before any such application can be fully assessed,realized,and deployed.