摘要：Advertisement calls play an important role in influencing female mate choice and are regarded as one of the key characters responsible for reproductive isolation and speciation events in frogs and toads. The black-spined toad, Bufo melanostictus, is one of the most common amphibians in Southeast Asia and is frequently observed in human habitations throughout its distributional range. The advertisement calls of the toad have not been well described. Here, we report the advertisement calls of this species from Lishui, Zhejiang, China during its breeding season. The advertisement calls of B. melanostictus are composed of single notes with a single harmonic frequency emitted sporadically. The call parameters recorded in this study were highly variable across recording times and with different body sizes. Dominant frequency was negatively correlated with body size. Comparing the calls of the B. melanostictus population from Lishui with the populations from five other localities(Bangkok, Thailand; Coorg, India; Burma, Myanmar; Bali, Indonesia; Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia), we found that call structure was similar among five different populations with no harmonics, while the Halimun-Salak National Park population contained two clear harmonics. Dominant frequency was similar between Bali(1.56 kHz) and Coorg(1.6 kHz) populations, while it was highly variable among other populations. Besides call duration, call interval and pulse/call rate may also be significantly different among the comparing populations. Pooling the available data, we observed some similarities and differences in call parameters among the six populations.

摘要：Based on coral proxies we reconstructed the western Pacific warm pool sea surface temperature (SST) since 1644 AD. High-frequency reconstructions are based on eight high-pass filtered coral series and raw reconstructions are derived from eight unfiltered coral series, respectively. Validation and comparison with other SST/temperature series show that the reconstructed warm pool SST is highly reliable. The leading periods of warm pool SST are ～2.1, ～2.3, ～2.9, ～3.6, ～3.8, and 80.7-year during the last ～360 years. The warm pool SST exhibits some obvious long-term trends: an upward trend of 0.04°C per century for the period of 1644–1825, while a decreasing trend of 0.24°C per century for the period of 1826–1885, and then a remarkable warming trend of 0.28°C per century taking place between 1886 and 2006. Especially, the SST shows the strongest trend of 0.67°C increase per century during the last 50 years, a warming unprecedented since 1644 AD. On interannual timescale, the connections between ENSO and the warm pool SST are robust during the reconstruction period. There are significant correlations between the warm pool SST and summer precipitation of the Yellow River basin and Huaihe River basin; the correlation coefficients are ?0.44 in reconstruction period (1880–1949 AD) and ?0.46 in instrumental period (1950–2005 AD) respectively. This relationship is also found between flood-drought index and the warm pool SST during the past 360 years, and their correlation coefficients are ?0.20 in reconstruction period and ?0.46 in instrumental period respectively, significant at the 0.01 level. On interdecadal timescale, this connection is more robust, and the correlation coefficient of the low-pass filtered components is ?0.42 during the whole period (1644–2000 AD). When the warm pool is warmer than normal, the precipitation is usually below the normal in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basin. On the contrary, when the warm pool is colder than the normal, there may be more

摘要：Aquaculture,the most rapidly growing food production sector,has exhibited tremendous expansion over the past several decades and it currently accounts for more than half of the global fish production for human *** ensure sustainable aquaculture,it is necessary to breed farmed fish species(strains)with valuable economic traits,such as high production,high quality,disease resistance,and stress *** fish genetic breeding techniques largely rely on key processes including understanding the genetic basis of economically important traits to the generation and selection of favorable genotypes.

摘要：The extreme temperature has more outstanding impact on ecology and water resources in arid regions than the average *** the downscaled daily temperature data from 21 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP)models of NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP)and the observation data,this paper analyzed the changes in temporal and spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes,i.e.,the maximum temperature(Tmax)and minimum temperature(Tmin),in the Kaidu-Kongqi River basin in Northwest China over the period 2020–2050 based on the evaluation of preferred Multi-Model Ensemble(MME).Results showed that the Partial Least Square ensemble mean participated by Preferred Models(PM-PLS)was better representing the temporal change and spatial distribution of temperature extremes during 1961–2005 and was chosen to project the future *** 2020–2050,the increasing rate of Tmax(Tmin)under RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway)8.5 will be 2.0(1.6)times that under RCP4.5,and that of Tmin will be larger than that of Tmax under each corresponding *** will keep contributing more to global warming than *** spatial distribution characteristics of Tmax and Tmin under the two RCPs will overall the same;but compared to the baseline period(1986–2005),the increments of Tmax and Tmin in plain area will be larger than those in mountainous *** the emission concentration increased,however,the response of Tmax in mountainous area will be more sensitive than that in plain area,and that of Tmin will be equivalently sensitive in mountainous area and plain *** impacts induced by Tmin will be universal and *** of spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes indicate that large increases in the magnitude of warming in the basin may occur in the *** projections can provide the scientific basis for water and land plan management and disaster prevention and mitigation in the inland river basin.

摘要：Drought can greatly impact the biodiversity of an ecosystem and play a crucial role in regulating its ***,the specific mechanisms by which drought mediate the biodiversity effect(BE)on community biomass in above-and belowground through functional traits remain poorly ***,we conducted a common garden experiment in a greenhouse,which included two plant species richness levels and two water addition levels,to analyze the effects of biodiversity on aboveground biomass(AGB),belowground biomass(BGB)and total biomass(TB),and to quantify the relationship between BEs and functional traits under drought *** analysis focused on partitioning BEs into above-and belowground complementarity effect(CE)and selection effect(SE)at the species level,which allowed us to better understand the impacts of biodiversity on community biomass and the underlying *** results showed that plant species richness stimulated AGB,BGB and TB through *** decreased AGB,BGB and TB,*** addition,the aboveground CE was positively associated with the variation in plant *** in above-and belowground were negatively correlated with the community mean plant height and root length,***,drought weakened the aboveground CE by decreasing variation in plant height,resulting in a reduction in AGB and *** findings demonstrate that the complementarity of species is an important regulator of community biomass in above-and belowground,the dynamics of biomass under environmental stress are associated with the response of sensitive compartments.

摘要：Gas sensors have received extensive attention because of the gas pollution caused by rapid construction of urbanization and *** sensors based on semiconductor metal oxide(SMO)have the advantages of high response,excellent repeatability,stability,and cost-effectiveness,and have become extremely important components in the gas sensor *** with regular structures and controllable morphology exhibit more consistent and repeatable ***,during the process of material synthesis,because of the uncontrollability of the microcosm,nanomaterials often show irregularities,unevenness,and other ***,the synthesis of gas sensors with well-aligned one-dimensional(1D)structures,two-dimensional(2D)layered structures,and three-dimensional(3D)hierarchical structures has received extensive *** obtain regular structured nanomaterials with desired morphologies and dimensions,a template-assisted synthesis method with low cost and controllable process seems a very efficient *** this review,we introduce the morphology and performance of SMO sensors with 1D,2D,and 3D structures,discuss the impact of a variety of morphologies on gas sensor performance(response and stability),and shed new light on the synthesis of gas sensing materials with stable structure and excellent performance.

摘要：Using a suitable solvent for extracting pigments from sediment for high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） analysis is critical for obtaining qualitative and quantitative estimates of phytoplanktonic and benthic algal biomass,as well as community composition. Five methodological factors（sample dehydration,extraction solvent,extraction duration,number of extractions,and ratio of solvent volume：sample weight） were studied using an L 9（3 4 ） orthogonal design in a sedimentary pigment extraction experiment on samples collected from the Changjiang large-river delta-front estuary（LDE）,using HPLC analysis. The results show that the optimal extraction method for sedimentary pigments should include freeze-drying samples prior to extraction. The effects of different factors on sedimentary pigment extraction were separated by the L 9（3 4 ） orthogonal design experiments and showed that the extraction solvent was the most important,with extraction duration the second most important,and numbers of extraction and ratio of solvent volume：sample weight was the least important. The mixed solvent treatment comprised of acetone,methanol and water（80：15：5,by volume） was best for polar pigment extraction,with 100% acetone better for apolar pigments. For most pigments employed in this study（i.e.,peridinin,fucoxanthin,alloxanthin,diatoxanthin,zeaxanthin,pheophytin-a and β-carotene） ,3 h was found to be enough time for extraction from these deltaic sediments. However,for chlorophyll-a,the most important pigment used for estimating algal biomass,12 h was needed. A small amount of solvent（3 ml） with duplicate extractions obtained the greatest amount and diversity of pigments. Unfortunately,no extraction method was found to be suitable for all pigments in sediments. The choice of extraction procedure should be made in accordance with the objective of each study,taking into consideration the properties of sediments and pigments in question.

摘要：The article uses a case study approach to investigate the mechanisms of ecological product value realization,and influencing ***,we use a case analysis framework based on the“economy-societynatural ecology”perspective to analyze and compare the three batches of“Typical Cases of Ecological ProductValue Realization”released by the Ministry of Natural *** find:First,different modes of ecologicalproduct value realization *** resource endowments,and institutional and environmental factors affectthe selection of the value realization ***,certain obstacles also exist for realizing ecological productvalue,which are mainly reflected in the fact that the articulation of the individual,society,and government is not yetsufficiently ***,to promote the development of regional eco-products’mode and value conversion,the implementing party needs to guide the synergy between individual concepts,social participation,and governmentaltop-level design;rationally arrange the allocation of resource elements;mitigate elemental constraints;and proposeeffective technical means and optimization strategies according to the actual situation.

摘要：The unceasing change problem of land information systems can be resolved through the refactoring and design pattern. To promote the implementation of design pattern and refactoring methods in developing land information systems reusing software design, applying refactoring methods to the abstract factory and decorator design patterns in land information system development is discussed.

摘要：The emerging plant synthetic metabolic engineering has been exhibiting great promise to produce either value-added metabolitesor therapeutic proteins. However, promoters for plant pathway engineering are generally selected empirically. The quantitativecharacterization of plant-based promoters is essential for optimal control of gene expression in plant chassis. Here, we used *** leaves and BY2 suspension cells to quantitatively characterize a library of plant promoters by transient expressionof firefly/Renilla luciferase. We validated the dual-luciferase reporter system by examining the correlation between reporterprotein and mRNA levels. In addition, we investigated the effects of terminator–promoter combinations on gene expressionand found that the combinations of promoters and terminators resulted in a 326-fold difference between the strongest andweakest performance, as reflected in reporter gene expression. As a proof of concept, we used the quantitatively characterizedpromoters to engineer the betalain pathway in N. benthamiana. Seven selected plant promoters with different expressionstrengths were used orthogonally to express CYP76AD1 and DODA, resulting in a final betalain production range of 6.0–362.4 μg/g fresh weight. Our systematic approach not only demonstrates the various intensities of multiple promoter sequencesin N. benthamiana and BY2 cells but also adds to the toolbox of plant promoters for plant engineering.