摘要：This paper presents a case study on structure design and establishment of database application system for alien species in Shandong Province, integrating with Geographic Information System, computer network, and database technology to the research of alien species. The modules of alien species database, including classified data input, statistics and analysis, species pictures and distribution maps, and out date input, were approached by Visual *** 2003 and Microsoft SQL server 2000. The alien species information contains the information of classification, species distinction characteristics, biological characteristics, original area, distribution area, the entering fashion and route, invasion time, invasion reason, interaction with the endemic species, growth state, danger state and spatial information, i.e. distribution map. Based on the above bases, several models including application, checking, modifying, printing, adding and returning models were developed. Furthermore, through the establishment of index tables and index maps, we can also spatially query the data like picture, text and GIS map data. This research established the technological platform of sharing information about scientific resource of alien species in Shandong Province, offering the basis for the dynamic inquiry of alien species, the warning technology of prevention and the fast reaction system. The database application system possessed the principles of good practicability, friendly user interface and convenient usage. It can supply full and accurate information inquiry services of alien species for the users and provide functions of dynamically managing the database for the administrator.

摘要：A synchrotron-based proton therapy(PT)facility that conforms with the requirement of future development trend in compact PT can be operated without an energy selection *** article demonstrates a novel radiation shielding design for this *** FLUKAbased Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to validate its *** this design,two different shielding scenarios(3-m-thick concrete and 2-m-thick iron–concrete)are proved able to reduce the public annual dose to the limit of 0.1 mSv/*** calculation result shows that the non-primary radiation from a PT system without an inner shielding wall complies with the IEC 60601-2-64 international standard,making a single room a ***,the H/D value of this design decreases from 2.14 to 0.32 mSv/Gy when the distance ranges from 50 to 150 cm from the isocenter,which is consistent with the previous result from another *** establishing a typical time schedule and procedures in a treatment day for a single room in the simulation,a non-urgent machine maintenance time of 10 min after treatment is recommended,and the residual radiation level in most areas can be reduced to 2.5 lSv/*** annual dose for radiation therapists coming from the residual radiation is 1 mSv,which is 20%of the target *** general,this shielding design ensures a low cost and compact facility compared with the cyclotron-based PT system.

摘要：Future climate change is usually projected by coupled earth system models under specific emission sce- narios designed by integrated assessment models （IAMs）, and this offline approach means there is no interaction between the coupled earth system models and the IAMs. This paper introduces a new method to design possible future emission scenarios and corresponding climate change, in which a simple economic and climate damage component is added to the coupled earth system model of Beijing Normal University （BNU-ESM）. With the growth of population and technological expertise and the declining emission-to-output ratio described in the Dynamic Inte- grated Climate-Economy model, the projected carbon emission is 13.7 Gt C, resulting in a 2.4℃ warming by the end of the twenty-first century （2080-2099） compared with 1980-1999. This paper also suggests the importance of the land and ocean carbon cycle in determining the CO2 con- centration in the atmosphere. It is hoped that in the near future the next generation of coupled earth system models that include both the natural system and the social dimension will be developed.

摘要：Lignin is one of the most widespread organic compounds found on earth,boasting a wealth of aromatic *** use of lignin feedstock for biochemical productions is of great importance for achieving"carbon neutrality."In recent years,a strategy for lignin valorization known as the"bio-funnel"has been proposed as a means to generate a variety of commercially valuable chemicals from lignin-derived *** implementation of biocatalysis and metabolic engineering techniques has substantially advanced the biotransformation of depolymerized lignin into chemicals and materials within the supply *** this review,we present an overview of the latest advancements in microbial upcycling of depolymerized lignin into value-added ***,the review provides insights into the problems facing current biological lignin valorization while proposing further research directions to improve these technologies for the extensive accomplishment of the lignin upcycling.

摘要：Photocatalysis is believed to be one of the best methods to realize sustainable H2 production. However, achieving this through heterogeneous photocatalysis still remains a great challenge owing to the absence of active sites, sluggish surface reaction kinetics, insufficient charge separation, and a high thermodynamic barrier. Therefore, cocatalysts are necessary and of great significance in boosting photocatalytic H2 generation. This review will focus on the promising and appealing low-cost Ni-based H2-generation cocatalysts as the alternatives for the high-cost and low-abundance noble metal cocatalysts. Special emphasis has been placed on the design principle, modification strategies for further enhancing the activity and stability of Ni-based cocatalysts, and identification of the exact active sites and surface reaction mechanisms. Particularly, four types of modification strategies based on increased light harvesting, enhanced charge separation, strengthened interface interaction, and improved electrocatalytic activity have been thoroughly discussed and compared in detail. This review may open a new avenue for designing highly active and durable Ni-based cocatalysts for photocatalytic H2 generation.

摘要：Plants growing in nutrient-rich environment are predicted to be less defended than conspecifics under nutrient ***,less is known about the effects of nutrient levels on tolerance and induced resistance,and whether the effects differ between native and introduced populations of invasive *** performed a greenhouse experiment with introduced(the USA)and native(Argentina)genotypes of Alternanthera philoxeroides in order to study the effects of soil nitrogen levels on plant growth,constitutive and herbivore(Agasicles hygrophila)-induced chemical defense,and herbivory *** measured total biomass,elongation rate(as proxy of growth rate),carbon and nitrogen,and the concentration of triterpenoid saponins(defensive chemicals)in leaves and *** resistance(+33%higher leaf triterpenoid saponins in control treatment at low nitrogen level)and tolerance[less decreased total biomass after herbivory treatment(−24%and−15%for high and low nitrogen levels)]were favored at lower nitrogen level,while induced resistance was favored at higher nitrogen level(+24%increased leaf triterpenoid saponins after herbivory treatment at high nitrogen level).Constitutive resistance and tolerance exhibited trade-offs with growth rate,while induced resistance positively correlated with growth ***,the introduced genotypes had−6%lower content of leaf carbon in the presence of herbivores than the native genotypes at low nitrogen level,but such difference was absent at high nitrogen *** results indicate that soil nitrogen levels influence the preference of different defensive strategies of plant,and interweave with herbivory to determine the performance of introduced genotypes.

摘要：世界上建设有很多森林自然保护区以保护各种类型的森林,自然保护区的核心区外围常常要求建设缓冲区,但是如何设计缓冲区宽度的研究很少。土壤种子库是衡量退化森林生态系统生态恢复潜力的重要指标,利用种子库进行缓冲区的设计。采用植物群落学调查及种子库分析的方法,在核心区内外选择一系列样方,调查样方种子库及其地面的植物种类组成,计算样方与核心区种子库、植物群落的相似性指数,根据核心区外不同距离的样方的相似性指数,确定了缓冲区的宽度。研究结果发现,缓冲区最低宽度在低地为300 m,在流动沙地为600 m,在固定沙地和半固定沙地为1 000～1 200 m。对于沙漠化地区的自然保护区缓冲区的设计有一定的借鉴价值。

摘要：作物的生长冗余,也就是营养器官的过度生长,常常对作物产量不利,因此被称为作物的‘公地悲剧’。作物品种内相邻植株之间的资源竞争也会导致可塑性的营养器官的过度生长,因此被称为可塑性的公地悲剧。然而,目前有关这种可塑性的公地悲剧如何响应不同作物品种和不同的资源水平的研究较少。本研究设计了盆栽实验来探索这一问题。为设置根系竞争和无竞争两种处理,把同品种两个植株栽种在同一花盆中,分别用尼龙和塑料进行隔离;采用了两个小麦品种(古老品种和尚头和现代品种92-46),设置了两个资源水平处理。研究结果表明,与92-46相比,和尚头品种把资源更多地分配给茎叶,更少地分配给种子。异速生长数据显示,在24对尼龙隔离和塑料隔离处理的比较中,只有4对显示出程度很小的差异。异速生长数据还显示,相比和尚头品种,92-46品种对增加资源的响应程度更小。基于有限样本大小,本研究揭示了作物地上部分营养生长和繁殖生长之间的权衡关系。正是这种权衡关系,导致了和尚头小麦品种的‘公地悲剧’式生长,同时也使得92-46小麦品种的种子产量得以提升。小麦的公地悲剧更可能是源自遗传性状(比如古老品种的生长冗余),而不太可能是源自植株的可塑性冗余生长。现代小麦品种92-46可能采用了节约型的资源利用方式,而古老品种则采取的是消耗型策略。综上所述,本研究表明育种工作者应当选育个体竞争力低的基因型。

摘要：This paper demonstrates a Geographic Information Systems （GIS） procedure of classifying and mapping forest management category in Baihe Forestry Burea, Jilin Province, China. Within the study area, Baihe Forestry Bureau land was classified into a two-hierarchy system. The top-level class included the non-forest and forest. Over 96% of land area is forest in the study area, which was further divided into key ecological service forest （KES）, general ecological service forest （GES）, and commodity forest （COM）. COM covered 45.0% of the total land area and was the major forest management type in Baihe Forest Bureau. KES and GES accounted for 21.2% and 29.9% of the total land area, respectively. The forest management zones designed with GIS in this study were then compared with the forest management zones established using the hand draw by the local agency. There were obvious differences between the two products. It suggested that the differences had some to do with the data sources, basic unit and mapping procedures. It also suggested that the GIS method was a useful tool in integrating forest inventory data and other data for classifying and mapping forest zones to meet the needs of the classified forest management system.

摘要：Due to their unique surface chemistry,highly adjustable metal components,hydrophilicity,and high carrier concentrations,MXenes are applied in a variety of *** to other two-dimensional(2D)materials,building heterostructures with additional materials to form a 3D porous architecture for MXenes can significantly enhance their functionality and ***,the open structures and well-defined pathways of these 3D structured MXenes can improve ionic and electronic transport,thereby promoting their applications in electrochemical energy storage,sensing,catalysis,and *** this review,the recent efforts made on preparing 3D porous MXenes with heterostructures,focusing on MXenes/C,MXenes/inorganics,and MXenes/polymers were *** discussion covers aspects ranging from the design to synthesis of 3D porous MXenes,and their applications in photocatalysis,environmental monitoring and electrochemical energy *** review is concluded by presenting the prospects and insights on exploring the relationships between the porosity formation mechanisms,properties and applications of the 3D porous MXenes *** review can provide meaningful guidance for the design,fabrication and application of 3D porous MXenes in high-performance materials and devices.