摘要：Dwindling supply and unpredictable price fluctuations of fossil fuels have necessitated a renewed worldwide search for alter- native fuels. Plant cell walls, rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, are actively pursued for their use in production of second-gen- eration biofuels. It has been envisioned that degradation of these carbohydrate polymers to their sugar monomer subu- nits （saccharification） will provide necessary substrates for their yeast-mediated fermentation to ethanol.

摘要：The majority of marine microbes remain uncultured,which hinders the identification and mining of CO_(2)-fixing genes,pathways,and chassis from the ***,we investigated CO_(2)-fixing microbes in seawater from the euphotic zone of the Yellow Sea of China by detecting and tracking their ^(13)C-bicarbonate(^(13)C-HCO_(3)^(-))intake via single-cell Raman spectra(SCRS)*** target cells were then isolated by Raman-activated Gravity-driven Encapsulation(RAGE),and their genomes were amplified and sequenced at one-cell *** single-cell metabolism,phenotype and genome are *** identified a notyet-cultured Pelagibacter spp.,which actively assimilates ^(13)C-HCO_(3)^(-),and also possesses most of the genes encoding enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle for CO_(2) fixation,a complete gene set for a rhodopsin-based light-harvesting system,and the full genes necessary for carotenoid *** four proteorhodopsin(PR)genes identified in the Pelagibacter *** confirmed by heterologous expression in *** results suggest that hitherto uncultured Pelagibacter *** light-powered metabolism to contribute to global carbon cycling.

摘要：Plants adapt to their changing environments by sensing and responding to physical,biological,and chemical *** to their sessile lifestyles,plants experience a vast array of external stimuli and selectively perceive and respond to specific *** repurposing the logic circuitry and biological and molecular components used by plants in nature,genetically encoded plant-based biosensors(GEPBs)have been developed by directing signal recognition mechanisms into carefully assembled outcomes that are easily *** allow for in vivo monitoring of biological processes in plants to facilitate basic studies of plant growth and *** are also useful for environmental monitoring,plant abiotic and biotic stress management,and accelerating design-build-test-learn cycles of plant *** the advent of synthetic biology,biological and molecular components derived from alternate natural organisms(e.g.,microbes)and/or de novo parts have been used to build *** this review,we summarize the framework for engineering different types of *** then highlight representative validated biological components for building plant-based biosensors,along with various applications of plant-based biosensors in basic and applied plant science ***,we discuss challenges and strategies for the identification and design of biological components for plant-based biosensors.

摘要：Many applications in plant biology requires editing genomes accurately including correcting point mutations,incorporation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),and introduction of multinucleotide insertion/deletions(indels)into a predetermined position in the *** types of modifications are possible using existing genome-editing technologies such as the CRISPR-Cas systems,which require induction of double-stranded breaks in the target DNA site and the supply of a donor DNA molecule that contains the desired edit ***,low frequency of homologous recombination in plants and difficulty of delivering the donor DNA molecules make this process extremely *** kind of technology known as base editing can perform precise editing;however,only certain types of modifications can be obtained,e.g.,C/G-to-T/A and A/T-to-G/***,a new type of genome-editing technology,referred to as“prime editing,”has been developed,which can achieve various types of editing such as any base-to-base conversion,including both transitions(C→T,G→A,A→G,and T→C)and transversion mutations(C→A,C→G,G→C,G→T,A→C,A→T,T→A,and T→G),as well as small indels without the requirement for inducing double-stranded break in the *** prime editing has wide flexibility to achieve different types of edits in the genome,it holds a great potential for developing superior crops for various purposes,such as increasing yield,providing resistance to various abiotic and biotic stresses,and improving quality of plant *** this review,we describe the prime editing technology and discuss its limitations and potential applications in plant biology research.

摘要：Global demand for food and bioenergy production has increased rapidly,while the area of arable land has been declining for decades due to damage caused by erosion,pollution,sea level rise,urban development,soil salinization,and water scarcity driven by global climate *** order to overcome this conflict,there is an urgent need to adapt conventional agriculture to water-limited and hotter conditions with plant crop systems that display higher water-use efficiency(WUE).Crassulacean acid metabolism(CAM)species have substantially higher WUE than species performing C3 or C4 *** plants are derived from C3 photosynthesis ***,it is extremely unlikely that the C3 or C4 crop plants would evolve rapidly into CAM photosynthesis without human ***,there is growing interest in improving WUE through transferring CAM into C3 ***,engineering a major metabolic plant pathway,like CAM,is challenging and requires a comprehensive deep understanding of the enzymatic reactions and regulatory networks in both C3 and CAM photosynthesis,as well as overcoming physiometabolic limitations such as diurnal stomatal *** advances in CAM evolutionary genomics research,genome editing,and synthetic biology have increased the likelihood of successful acceleration of C3-to-CAM ***,we first summarize the systems biology-level understanding of the molecular processes in the CAM ***,we review the principles of CAM engineering in an evolutionary ***,we discuss the technical approaches to accelerate the C3-to-CAM transition in plants using synthetic biology toolboxes.