摘要：The microbiota-gut-brain axis(MGBA)has emerged as a key prospect in the bidirectional communication between two major organ systems:the brain and the *** between the two organ systems allows the body to function without disease,whereas dysbiosis has long-standing evidence of etiopathological *** most common communication paths are the microbial release of metabolites,soluble neurotransmitters,and immune ***,each pathway is intertwined with a complex *** the emergence of in vitro models and the popularity of three-dimensional(3D)cultures and Transwells,engineering has become easier for the scientific understanding of neurodegenerative *** paper briefly retraces the possible communication pathways between the gut microbiome and the *** further elaborates on three major diseases:autism spectrum disorder,Parkinson’s disease,and Alzheimer’s disease,which are prevalent in children and the *** diseases also decrease patients’quality of ***,understanding them more deeply with respect to current advances in in vitro modeling is crucial for understanding the *** of MGBA in the laboratory uses many molecular technologies and biomaterial *** and organoids provide a more realistic picture of the cell and tissue structure than *** them with the Transwell system offers the advantage of compartmentalizing the two systems(apical and basal)while allowing physical and chemical cues between ***-edge technologies,such as bioprinting and microfluidic chips,might be the future of in vitro modeling,as they provide dynamicity.

摘要：The overarching goal of computational protein design is to gain complete control over protein structure and *** majority of sophisticated binders and enzymes,however,are large and exhibit diverse and complex folds that defy atomistic design ***,recent strategies that combine evolutionary constraints from natural homologs with atomistic calculations have significantly improved design *** these approaches,evolutionary constraints mitigate the risk from misfolding and aggregation,focusing atomistic design calculations on a small but highly enriched sequence *** methods have dramatically optimized diverse proteins,including vaccine immunogens,enzymes for sustainable chemistry,and proteins with therapeutic *** new generation of deep learning-based ab initio structure predictors can be combined with these methods to extend the scope of protein design,in principle,to any natural protein of known *** envision that protein engineering will come to rely on completely computational methods to efficiently discover and optimize biomolecular activities.

摘要：Transformation of lignin into high-value chemicals is hampered by the complexity of monomers obtained from lignin depolymerization. Here we report a strategy, composed of hy-dro-demethoxylation and de-alkylation reactions, that is able to chemically converge various lig-nin-derived phenolic monomers into phenol in a single-step. Using 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol as a model compound, Pt/C exhibited the best performance in hydro-demethoxylation reaction afford-ing 80% 4-propylphenol from 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol, while H-ZSM-5 was identified as the most suitable catalyst for de-alkylation, achieving 83% yield of phenol from 4-propylphenol. Since the two catalysts operate under compatible conditions, combining the two catalysts to simultane-ously promote both hydro-demethoxylation and de-alkylation reactions was achieved. Configura-tion of how to organize the catalysts is a critical parameter, where the physical mixture of the two was most effective, providing over 60% phenol from 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol in a single-step.

摘要：IntroductionA rapidly increasing need for organ transplantation and short list of donated organs have led to the development of new materials and technologies for organ manufacturing. Although some simple organs, such as skin and cartilage, have been successfully fabricated and commercialized, it is still difficult to make tissues and organs with high complexity. Engineered tissues have other biomedical applications, such as drug screening models and bio-actuators. Threedimensional （3D） bioprinting has become a great tool to fabricate tissue constructs on demand for transplantation and other biomedical applications.

摘要：Brain tumors’severity ranges from benign to highly aggressive and *** tools can assist in understanding the pathophysiology of these tumors from outside the body and facilitate development of suitable antitumoral ***,we first describe the physiology and cellular composition of brain ***,we discuss the development of threedimensional tissue models utilizing brain tumor *** particular,we highlight the role of hydrogels in providing a biomimetic support for the cells to grow into defined *** technologies,such as electrospinning and bioprinting,and advanced cellular models aim to mimic the extracellular matrix and natural cellular localization in engineered tumor ***,we review current applications and prospects of hydrogels for therapeutic purposes,such as drug delivery and co-administration with other *** further development,hydrogels can serve as a reliable option for in vitro modeling and treatment of brain tumors for translational medicine.

摘要：Bone is an essential organ for health and quality of *** to current shortfalls in therapy for bone tissue engineering,scientists have sought the application of synthetic materials as bone graft *** a composite organic/inorganic material with significant extra cellular matrix(ECM),one way to improve bone graft substitutes may be to engineer a synthetic matrix that is influenced by the physical appearance of natural ECM *** this work,the authors evaluate composite,hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering based on composite ceramic/polymer microsphere scaffolds with synthetic ECM-mimetic networks in their pore *** thermally induced phase separation,nanoscale fibers were deposited in the pore spaces of structurally sound microsphere-based scaffold with a density proportionate to the initial polymer *** and mechanical testing indicated no significant changes in overall pore characteristics or mechanical integrity as a result of the fiber deposition *** scaffolds displayed adequate mechanical integrity on the scale of human trabecular bone and supported the adhesion and proliferation of cultured mouse calvarial *** from natural cues,these scaffolds may represent a new avenue forward for advanced bone tissue engineering scaffolds.

摘要：Human life intimately depends on plants for food,biomaterials,health,energy,and a sustainable *** plants have been genetically improved mostly through breeding,along with limited modification via genetic engineering,yet they are still not able to meet the ever-increasing needs,in terms of both quantity and quality,resulting from the rapid increase in world population and expected standards of living.A step change that may address these challenges would be to expand the potential of plants using biosystems design *** represents a shift in plant science research from relatively simple trial-and-error approaches to innovative strategies based on predictive models of biological *** biosystems design seeks to accelerate plant genetic improvement using genome editing and genetic circuit engineering or create novel plant systems through de novo synthesis of plant *** this perspective,we present a comprehensive roadmap of plant biosystems design covering theories,principles,and technical methods,along with potential applications in basic and applied plant biology *** highlight current challenges,future opportunities,and research priorities,along with a framework for international collaboration,towards rapid advancement of this emerging interdisciplinary area of ***,we discuss the importance of social responsibility in utilizing plant biosystems design and suggest strategies for improving public perception,trust,and acceptance.