摘要：The stimulus to carry out this research is to investigate the relationship between internet advertisement and its features on the total E-commerce sales of the top five countries of Europe. The units of analysis are the individuals of UK, France, Italy, Germany and Netherland. Secondary data are collected from the reports of [1] (ADEX, 2010) and [2] (Eurostats, 2011). To empirically determine the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable in the European context, the study uses various statistical techniques, including OLS regression and correlation analysis techniques. The empirical findings indicate that the Internet advertisement features of search advertisement and classified advertisement have positive significant relationship with the E-commerce sales in Europe. The empirical findings indicate negative significant relationship of display advertisement with the E-commerce sales in Europe. However, this variable is also justified with the help of literature. Findings also demonstrate that search advertisement has strong positive relationship and it generates positive influence for the E-commerce sales as compared to the classified advertisement and display advertisement. Firms and marketers which are investing in online advertisement will find these results useful as they can get better sales and can use these features of online advertisement in order to maximize the sales of their products and services.

摘要：Different techniques including Quality Control Circles, business Process Reengineering and Statistical Process Control （SPC）, Total Quality Management have been in use to reduce waste in the industry. Waste is considered as necessary evil and there are many types of waste in the industry. There are many ways and means to reduce waste but the less costly is to use Quality Control Circles technique effectively and efficiently. In quality control circles human resources that consist of small groups of employees are selected, who voluntarily meet at regular intervals to identify, analyze and solve quality and other problems in their work areas. In the Quality Control Circles different techniques of the quality improvement and total quality management are utilized which could be numeric or nonnumeric such as statistical quality control techniques and fish bone diagram or brain storming respectively. This article discusses that how reduction of waste in Pakistan industry is possible by using Quality Control Circles implementation.

摘要："做还是买"的难题在信息系统领域已经被广泛地分析过了。这类文献的汗牛充栋主要是因为"信息系统职能"是企业中首先被外部化的职能之一。从传统意义上来看,导致企业外部化一些非核心业务的动机纯粹是为了提高效率。但是,20世纪90年代却见证了企业重要职能外部化的开端,而这些职能中有的一直被认为是核心业务。这样一来就提升了对组织间依存性管理的重视,强调了外包已被视作一种组织架构工程手段的事实,并引导企业去建立新的组织设计标准。实际上,做"做还是买"决策越来越需要组织结构变量根据流程来安排而不是根据职能来安排,以便明确地促进组织间依存性的管理,使得外部化决策更加透明且客观可测。本文所研究的课题旨在理解某种形式的电子商务,比如电子采购,在多大程度上能够被归类为一种特殊形式的外包。在这里,"外包"的含义是一种介于"层级制"和"市场制"之间的混合组织形式。我们采用交易成本理论(Transaction Cost Theory,TCT)从理论视角对"外包"进行分类,以案例分析作为研究手段。本文将关注某个流程,即采购。这一流程中的活动会涉及外部化过程。文中分析了一个关于整体宏观层面采购流程的外包案例。文章结论强调了这一研究领域的发展趋势。该趋势从表观上看会使这一领域产生重大的变革,有诸多变数,受到多重因素影响,而这些因素又往往不可辨识与测量。采购外部化在实践中已经有广泛的应用,但是从理论上来看还不甚完善。本文的目的就是要对该应用课题研究的正规化做出贡献。