摘要：The significance of bioink suitability for the extrusion bioprinting of tissue-like constructs cannot be ***,derived from the hydrolysis of collagen,not only can mimic the extracellular matrix to immensely support cell function,but also is suitable for extrusion under certain ***,gelatin has been recognized as a promising bioink for extrusion ***,the development of a gelatin-based bioink with satisfactory printability and bioactivity to fabricate complex tissue-like constructs with the desired physicochemical properties and biofunctions for a specific biomedical application is still in its ***,in this review,we aim to comprehensively summarize the state-of-the-art methods of gelatin-based bioink application for extrusion ***firstly outline the properties and requirements of gelatin-based bioinks for extrusion bioprinting,highlighting the strategies to overcome their main limitations in terms of printability,structural stability and cell ***,the challenges and prospects are further discussed regarding the development of ideal gelatin-based bioinks for extrusion bioprinting to create complex tissue-like constructs with preferable physicochemical properties and biofunctions.

摘要：Objective： To examine factors of the youth physical activity promotion （YPAP） model that are associated with Chinese international students＇ meeting PA recommendations （MPAR）. Methods： A total of 649 （females = 320, males = 329） Chinese international college students participated in the study. This study was conducted in the United States （US.） between June and August in 2011. Participants completed an online survey regarding their demographic, PA, predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. Results： Logistic nested-regression analysis suggested that being male, having a higher body mass index, perceived competence, self-efficacy, attitude, and enjoyment all increased （p 〈 0.001） the participants＇ odds of MPAR. Except language barriers, all of the enabling and reinforcing factors predicted MPAR indirectly through the predisposing factors （p 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Understanding factors that influence PA among Chinese international students is an important step in the process of promoting their long-term health and wellbeing. Designing program that address the identified key factors may help colleges and universities achieve this goal.

摘要：Purpose:Wearable devices are commonly used to measure physical ***,it remains unclear the effect of wearing these devices on health *** aim was to provide evidence related to wearing physical activity trackers and health ***:A quantitative comparison study design was used comparing participants who wore physical activity tracking devices(n=108)and those who did not(n=112).A paper-based Physical Health Knowledge survey designed for the purpose of this research was used for data collection in ***:A difference between participants who wore physical activity tracking devices and those that did not was identified in relation to activity levels and physical health *** devices are suggested as an opportunity for nurses to engage people in physical activity with the potential to improve their health ***:Nurses are well placed in the healthcare landscape to work with patients who own an activity tracker device concerning increasing activity *** information the patient has from the device can also form the basis of health discussions between nurses and the people in their care.

摘要：The aim of this research is to identify the relationship between the concept of creativity and *** characters depicted in the short stories by the Russian writer AntonČechov,Ward no.6 and The Black Monk,and the historical figure of King Ludwig II of Bavaria will be given particular *** paper aims to show how inČechov’s characters Efymič,Dmitričand Kovrin,the concept of madness plays a negative function,as the protagonists of the abovenamed tales are unable to be *** psychic discomfort leads to pathology by means of hallucinosis and events that,although they induce and promote a function of mental equilibrium in the individual,they do not lead to *** latter constitutes a peculiar,fundamental and present aspect of Ludwig in the poetic,literary and artistic spheres,which specifically led to the realisation of his castles in Bavaria,products of his particular creativity and today admired by visitors from all over the world.

摘要：To examine the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) program as an alternative to an oil palm plantation in West Kutai district of East Kalimantan, we determined the profitability of land use and REDD+, and the land use preferences and practices of the local people, as well as their participation in and preferences for forestry programs. Our findings indicate the following: 1) the profitability of an oil palm plantation was higher than that from other land uses and the REDD+ program;2) the local preferences for land uses were mostly consistent with the profitability of the land uses, except for oil palm plantation due to non-financial concerns;3) the local people combined each land use in accordance with their various needs;and 4) the local people were interested in a Forest and Land Rehabilitation (RHL) program in nonforestry zones. Considering these evidences, an improved RHL program based on an intensive agroforestry system and a conservation-based REDD+ program based on existing customary conservation forest management by the local people are proposed. Given the high opportunity cost and the low preference for an oil palm plantation, designing the REDD+ program by paying attention to the non-financial benefits for a community is a way forward. To enhance the non-financial benefits, it is important to take into consideration local preferences and livelihood activities in designing the REDD+ program. This study also implies the need for a reconsideration of the position of participation of local people in the safeguards of REDD+.

摘要：运用文献资料、逻辑分析等研究方法对美国实战情境课程模式的概念与理论基础、组成结构与特征、教学过程与方法等方面进行阐述。研究认为:(1)实战情境课程模式以真实比赛的技战术情境组合练习为教学内容,以问题为导向的教学方法,并通过模拟真实比赛场景练习技战术为基础、技战术综合运用为重点、教学比赛为主线来实现教学目标的一种课程模式;(2)实战情境组合练习、感知和相关关系分析以及制定决策(decisionmaking)、执行和实施决策、比赛表现四个组成部分。具有相关性、真实性、情景性、适应性和激发性等特征;(3)从单个技战术、每节课、每个教学单元等三个方面论述了具体的教学实施过程以及采用的方法;(4)美国实战情境课程模式对我国当前学校体育课程改革的启示是:用运动项目文化来统领教学、体育教学目标要具有可操作性、用比赛思维来设计体育教学内容、注重问题导向性教学方法的使用,这些对于健康中国背景下深化学校体育课程改革具有一定的参考价值。

摘要：背景：妇女应用雌孕激素联合替代治疗(combined estrogen and progestine hormone replacement therapy，CHRT)会增加乳腺癌的危险；然而，目前仍缺乏长期使用和不同治疗方案所致危险性的资料。目的：通过组织病理学类型及激素受体状况，评估CHRT应用时间及方式与乳腺癌的关系。设计：人群病例．对照研究。地点：华盛顿州西部三个县。参试者：自1997年4月1日至1999年5月31日，975例65～79岁诊断为侵袭性乳腺癌的妇女(组织学：196例小叶癌，656例导管癌，114例其他组织类型以及9例非特异组织学类型；雌激素受体(ER)／孕激素受体(PR)状况：646例ER+／PR+，147例ER+／PR-，101例ER-／PR-[6例ER-／PR+和75例ER／PR状况不明者未包括于本研究中]，1007例正常人作为对照。主要观察指标：发生侵袭性乳腺小叶癌、乳腺导管癌以及ER+／PR+、ER+／PR-和ER-／PR-乳腺癌的危险。结果：应用非对抗性雌激素替代治疗(estrogen replacement therapy，ERT)的妇女(仅用ERT者)，即使应用25年以上，乳腺癌发病危险无明显增加(尽管其相关优势比与可能存在微弱影响并非不一致)。曾经应用CHRT者(包括也使用过ERT的CHRT使用者)乳腺癌危险性增加1．7倍(95％可信区间[CI]，1．3～2．2)，其中包括侵袭性小叶癌危险性增加2．7倍(95％CI，1．7～4．3)，侵袭性导管癌增加1．5倍(95％CI，1．1～2．0)，ER+／PR+乳腺癌危险性增加2．0倍(95％CI，1．5～2．7)。危险性增加在较长期使用CHRT的妇女最为明显，应用CHRT在5～14．9年和≥15年者，侵袭性导管癌的危险性分别增加1．5倍(95％CI，1．0～2．3)和1．6倍(95％CI，1．0～2．6)，侵袭性小叶癌的危险性则分别增加了3．7倍(95％CI，2．0～6．6)和2．6倍(95％CI，1．3～5．3)。在按期使用和连续使用CHRT的妇女，相关程度大致相似。任何使用方式均不增加ER+／PR-和ER-／PR-肿瘤的危险性；然而，由于这些肿瘤患者的数量少，限制了我们发现可能联系的把握度。结论：研究资料提示，CHRT的使用，无论是按期或者持续使用孕激素，均与乳腺癌特别是侵袭性小叶癌危险性增加相关。

摘要：本章是2023年国际糖尿病足工作组(IWGDF)关于糖尿病相关的足溃疡预防的指南,是在2019年版指南基础上的更新。本指南面向临床医生和其他医务人员。我们遵循推荐、评估、发展和评价分级(GRADE)方法,采用患者-干预-比较-结局(PICO)的方法来设计临床问题和关键结局,并进行了包括必要的Meta分析在内的医学科学文献的系统综述,同时撰写了推荐及其理由。这些推荐基于系统综述中证据质量、在没有足够证据的情况下的专家意见、同时考虑干预措施的有益和不良效果,以及患者的偏好、成本、公平性、可行性和适用性的权衡。我们推荐对足溃疡风险较低的糖尿病患者每年进行一次保护性感觉丧失和周围动脉病变的筛查,并对高危患者进行更高频率的筛查以及其他危险因素的筛查。为了预防足溃疡,要对有危险因素的患者进行健康教育,教育其对足部进行适当地自我护理,在没有适当的足部保护的情况下不要行走,并对溃疡前兆进行有效治疗。指导足溃疡中高危风险的糖尿病患者穿着合适、宽松的治疗性鞋类,并考虑指导他们监测足部皮肤温度。开具处方使用治疗性鞋类,这些鞋类在行走时具有缓解足底压力的效果,能够防止足底溃疡复发。推荐足溃疡中低风险人群最好制定一个有监督的足踝运动计划,以减少溃疡风险;就溃疡的风险而言,每天总共增加1000步的负重活动可能是安全的。对于有溃疡前兆的非僵直锤状趾患者,可考虑屈肌腱切断术。我们建议不要用神经松解减压术来预防足溃疡。要对足溃疡中高危的糖尿病患者给予综合足部护理,以预防溃疡复发。贯彻这些推荐有助于医疗专业人员对有足溃疡风险的糖尿病患者提供更好的护理,增加无溃疡的天数,减少患者糖尿病相关的足病的医疗负担。

摘要：The long atmospheric residence time of CO2 creates an urgent need to add atmospheric carbon drawdown to CO2 regulatory *** and systems biology(SSB),which enables manipulation of cellular phenotypes,offers a powerful approach to amplifying and adding new possibilities to current land management practices aimed at reducing atmospheric *** participants(in attendance:Christina Agapakis,George Annas,Adam Arkin,George Church,Robert Cook-Deegan,Charles DeLisi,Dan Drell,Sheldon Glashow,Steve Hamburg,Henry Jacoby,Henry Kelly,Mark Kon,Todd Kuiken,Mary Lidstrom,Mike MacCracken,June Medford,Jerry Melillo,Ron Milo,Pilar Ossorio,Ari Patrinos,Keith Paustian,Kristala Jones Prather,Kent Redford,David Resnik,John Reilly,Richard ***,Daniel Segre,Susan Solomon,Elizabeth Strychalski,Chris Voigt,Dominic Woolf,Stan Wullschleger,and Xiaohan Yang)identified a range of possibilities by which SSB might help reduce greenhouse gas concentrations and which might also contribute to environmental sustainability and *** include,among other possibilities,engineering plants to convert CO2 produced by respiration into a stable carbonate,designing plants with an increased root-to-shoot ratio,and creating plants with the ability to self-fertilize.A number of serious ecological and societal challenges must,however,be confronted and resolved before any such application can be fully assessed,realized,and deployed.

摘要：背景：人们对基因与环境在原发性帕金森病（Parkinson disease,PD)中的相对作用，一直存在争论。虽然基因研究已识别出2个基因，它们的突变可引起罕见的单基因PD变异型，观察研究也提示有遗传成分，但是孪生子研究却表明遗传在PD常见型中几乎不起作用。目的：确定原发性PD的遗传性危险因素。设计、地点和参加者：于1995－2000年进行的基因连锁研究。该研究在美国大陆和澳大利亚的13个临床人群，通过先证者找出174个有多人被诊断患原发性PD的家系，进行了全基因组搜索（n=344标记物）。共检查870名家庭成员：378人诊断患PD，379人无PD，113人未定。主要观察指标：从参数和非参数遗传连锁分析得出优势对数（logarithm of odds,lod)得分。结果：用两点参数的最大参数Lod得分（MLOD）和多点非参数lod得分（LOD）的连锁分析检查5个不同的染色体区连锁的重要证据：在至少有1人于40岁前发生PD的家系中，是6号染色体上的parkin基因（MLOD＝5．07；LOD＝5．47），在全部家系及晚发PD的家系中，是染色体17q(MLOD=2.28;LOD=2.62),8p(MLOD=2.01;LOD=2.22)和5q(MLOD=2.39;LOD=1.50)，在含左旋多巴有效和无效的两种患者的家系中，是染色体9q(MLOD=1.52;LOD=2.59).结论：我们的数据表明，在早发PD中parkin基因是重要的，在原发性晚发PD的发生中则可能有多个遗传因素具有重要作用。