摘要：The microbiota-gut-brain axis(MGBA)has emerged as a key prospect in the bidirectional communication between two major organ systems:the brain and the *** between the two organ systems allows the body to function without disease,whereas dysbiosis has long-standing evidence of etiopathological *** most common communication paths are the microbial release of metabolites,soluble neurotransmitters,and immune ***,each pathway is intertwined with a complex *** the emergence of in vitro models and the popularity of three-dimensional(3D)cultures and Transwells,engineering has become easier for the scientific understanding of neurodegenerative *** paper briefly retraces the possible communication pathways between the gut microbiome and the *** further elaborates on three major diseases:autism spectrum disorder,Parkinson’s disease,and Alzheimer’s disease,which are prevalent in children and the *** diseases also decrease patients’quality of ***,understanding them more deeply with respect to current advances in in vitro modeling is crucial for understanding the *** of MGBA in the laboratory uses many molecular technologies and biomaterial *** and organoids provide a more realistic picture of the cell and tissue structure than *** them with the Transwell system offers the advantage of compartmentalizing the two systems(apical and basal)while allowing physical and chemical cues between ***-edge technologies,such as bioprinting and microfluidic chips,might be the future of in vitro modeling,as they provide dynamicity.

摘要：Hypoxia is a typical feature of the tumor microenvironment,one of the most critical factors affecting cell behavior and tumor ***,the lack of tumor models able to precisely emulate natural brain tumor tissue has impeded the study of the effects of hypoxia on the progression and growth of tumor *** study reports a three-dimensional(3D)brain tumor model obtained by encapsulating U87MG(U87)cells in a hydrogel containing type I *** also documents the effect of various oxygen concentrations(1%,7%,and 21%)in the culture environment on U87 cell morphology,proliferation,viability,cell cycle,apoptosis rate,and ***,it compares two-dimensional(2D)and 3D *** comparison purposes,cells cultured in flat culture dishes were used as the control(2D model).Cells cultured in the 3D model proliferated more slowly but had a higher apoptosis rate and proportion of cells in the resting phase(G0 phase)/gap I phase(G1 phase)than those cultured in the 2D ***,the two models yielded significantly different cell ***,hypoxia(e.g.,1%O2)affected cell morphology,slowed cell growth,reduced cell viability,and increased the apoptosis rate in the 3D *** results indicate that the constructed 3D model is effective for investigating the effects of biological and chemical factors on cell morphology and function,and can be more representative of the tumor microenvironment than 2D culture *** developed 3D glioblastoma tumor model is equally applicable to other studies in pharmacology and pathology.

摘要：酸的 oligosaccharide 糖链(AOSC ) ， D-mannuronic 酸 oligosaccharide，源于棕色的水藻多糖，被完成了阶段我在是的中国的临床的试用 anti-Alzheimer 的疾病(广告) 药候选人。在神经原的 AOSC 有约束力的蛋白质的鉴定为理解它的行动机制是很重要的。为了在调停的神经原决定 AOSC 的有约束力的蛋白质，它的反广告活动，共焦的显微镜学，亲密关系层析，和液体层析双人脚踏车集中 spectrometry (LC-MS/MS ) 分析被使用。AOSC 在集中绑在 SH-SY5Y 房间的共焦的显微镜学分析表演 -- ，时间 -- ，并且温度依赖者时尚。AOSC 有约束力的蛋白质被亲密关系层析净化并且由 LC-MS/MS 分析识别了。结果证明有 349 蛋白质绑定 AOSC，包括 clathrin，适配器 protein-2 (AP-2 ) 和淀粉的先锋蛋白质(应用软件) 。这些结果建议到神经原的 AOSC 的绑定 / 入口为反广告活动可能负责。

摘要：In gamma camera and single-photon emission computerized tomography, the collimator removes most photons. Here, a gamma camera without collimator utilizes a specific arrangement of detectors. Instead of bending beams(like a lens) or directing beams(by parallel hole collimator), changes are created in detectors' field of view(FOV), so that each detector's FOV looks different from others. Simulation proved this theory, with 98 detectors(2 cm 9 1.41 cm) arranged in a zigzag manner for Monte Carlo simulation. A radioactive source with energy of140 ke V was situated on the detectors' faces. Sixty projections, each 3(0 –179) apart, were simulated by Monte Carlo N-Particle(MCNP) 4C code, rotating detectors around a radioactive point. The band containing the radioactive source is clearly visible in each *** obtained after simulation in different projections were reconstructed, and point source location emerged correctly. Simulation of gamma camera with zigzag arrangement of detectors and MCNP-4C code demonstrated that one could string the space and determine radioactive source by image reconstruction without using collimators, solely through these special detectors' distribution.

摘要：设计口服结肠靶向的递送系统对于治疗结肠有关的疾病非常重要,因为这种方式能够使药物精确施用到病变部位,提高药物生物利用度和患者的顺应性.尤其,以纳米粒子为基础的口服制剂可以保护药物在恶劣的胃肠道环境中不被破坏,并选择性地增加病变结肠部位的药物浓度,从而提高治疗功效、降低全身毒性.本文阐述了这方面的最新进展,重点总结了结肠部位的病生理特征和以此为依据的靶向设计策略.

摘要：药物成瘾是一种慢性复发性脑疾病,其发生至少部分原因是由于异常的学习记忆所导致。大量的研究表明,成瘾性药物篡夺了正常记忆的神经环路,从而形成了长期维持的药物记忆,这可能是导致药物成瘾复吸的重要原因。本文综述了关联性药物奖赏记忆的模型之一药物诱导的条件性位置偏爱的相关研究结果,旨在阐述目前对于药物奖赏记忆的认识。药物奖赏记忆是一个动态的过程,包括习得、巩固、维持、唤起、再巩固和消退多个阶段,对这些药物奖赏记忆阶段进行药理学干预可以不同地调控药物奖赏记忆。最近,根据记忆阶段假说所发展的纯行为学模式,例如唤起-消退模式,展现出比药理学手段干预药物奖赏记忆更强的优越性。最后,本综述讨论了在药物奖赏记忆实验设计与相关实验结果解释时需要重点考虑2个方法学问题:模式和时间。目前为止,仍然不确定是否能发展一种药理学治疗方法,仅仅抹除药物奖赏记忆而不影响正常的记忆。我们提出,抑制药物奖赏记忆的方法仍不失一种有效降低复吸风险的手段。虽然目前关于药物奖赏记忆的研究对药物成瘾的治疗贡献并不大,但继续深入的研究将为降低成瘾复吸带来新的治疗方法。

摘要：背景:慢性疼痛的治疗效果仍不理想。尽管现在治疗慢性疼痛的药物种类较多,但许多患者对疗效仍不满意或诉药物的副作用太大。越来越多的证据表明,免疫系统参与了伤害性和神经病理性慢性疼痛的病理过程。设计:在英国利物浦的专题会议上,专家们出示了免疫系统参与慢性疼痛的证据。近来的研究表明,静脉(IVIg)或皮下(SCIg)注射免疫调节药物——多价免疫球蛋白(Ig G)可缓解外周神经病理性疼痛和其他疼痛性疾病。专题会议讨论了IVIg和SCIg治疗的适应证、效价比及其副作用。结果:Ig G可缓解某些伤害性和神经病理性慢性疼痛,如糖尿病、干燥综合征、纤维肌痛症、复杂性区域疼痛综合征、小儿麻痹后遗症和继发于病理性自身抗体的疼痛。结论:Ig G对某些慢性疼痛具有一定的治疗前景。Ig G是一种相对安全的治疗方法,副作用少而轻,但价格较贵。今后有必要对Ig G治疗顽固性疼痛进行随机对照研究和预测性临床试验。

摘要：磷作为一切生物体的必需元素,参与了包括生命体能量代谢、结构调控、遗传信息传递等在内的必要过程,其重要性不言而喻。然而,在国内基础学科教学过程中,基于酶促反应的调控机制和反应机理被拆分到众多生化专业相关的课程中,并未能得到系统性的剖析与讲解。本文从基础磷酸酯和磷酸酐的化学结构及反应特性入手,分别讨论了生物体中磷酸酯相关的调控酶类,并对最重要的一类磷酸酐——三磷酸腺苷在生物体内的转化关系做了系统性的讲解及分析。作为对磷元素相关的生命化学过程的梳理归纳,希望对化学及生命科学的教学与科研实验设计有所助益。

摘要：以体外选择方法筛选不同功能的核酸、肽和蛋白质是近年的研究热点,mRNA体外展示是一种新兴的高效多肽选择技术,其基本原理是通过含嘌呤霉素寡核苷酸的Linker使mRNA与它编码的肽或蛋白质共价结合,形成mRNA-蛋白质融合体,这一方法已用于多种功能肽的鉴定.以mRNA体外展示技术进行了由大容量多肽库中(>1013)筛选胸苷酸合成酶(thymidylatesynthase,TS)RNA亲和肽的研究,通过精密的实验设计,建立了一套完整有效的筛选方法,并对实验条件进行了优化.已进行了8轮筛选,结果表明,以mRNA体外展示技术获得的多肽分子,可以与TSmRNA亲和.将测序结果与初始肽库进行比较,发现亲和肽中碱性氨基酸及芳香族氨基酸含量明显增加,说明其在与RNA结合中具有重要作用.mRNA展示技术作为一种大容量文库的体外筛选方法,将广泛应用于与固定化靶物质具高度亲和性及特异性的多肽和蛋白质的筛选.

摘要：儿童具有生长和发育两个特点，其个体发育包括药物代谢酶、转运蛋白、受体和器官的发育。儿童的生长和发育使得药物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄及药物在儿童的不同发育阶段对发育中器官的药效都存在着与成人显著不同的差异。